scholarly journals Stretchability—The Metric for Stretchable Electrical Interconnects

Micromachines ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart Plovie ◽  
Frederick Bossuyt ◽  
Jan Vanfleteren
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Electronic Circuit ◽  
Dead Reckoning ◽  
Electrical Interconnects ◽  
Length Increase ◽  
Material Usage ◽  
Final Measurement ◽  
Stretchable Interconnects ◽  
Circuit Technology ◽  
Stretchable Interconnect

Stretchable circuit technology, as the name implies, allows an electronic circuit to adapt to its surroundings by elongating when an external force is applied. Based on this, early authors proposed a straightforward metric: stretchability—the percentage length increase the circuit can survive while remaining functional. However, when comparing technologies, this metric is often unreliable as it is heavily design dependent. This paper aims to demonstrate this shortcoming and proposes a series of alternate methods to evaluate the performance of a stretchable interconnect. These methods consider circuit volume, material usage, and the reliability of the technology. This analysis is then expanded to the direct current (DC) resistance measurement performed on these stretchable interconnects. A simple dead reckoning approach is demonstrated to estimate the magnitude of these measurement errors on the final measurement.

scholarly journals Выставка многопозиционной маячной системы на основе траекторных измерений

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.S. Devyatisilnyi ◽  
V.M. Grinyak ◽  
A.V. Shurygin ◽  
Y.S. Ivanenko
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Dead Reckoning ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Observation System ◽  
Continuous Type ◽  
Mobile Objects ◽  
Finite Dimensional ◽  
State Measurement ◽  
The Mathematical Model

Рассматривается проблема построения маячной дальномерной системы наблюдения. В статье обсуждается постановка и подходы к решению двухкоординатной задачи выставки (местной координатной привязки) многопозиционной маячной системы, предназначенной для наблюдения подвижных объектов различного целевого назначения (подводных, надводных, наземных, воздушных и др.). Такого рода системы актуальны как для традиционных сфер решения навигационных задач, так и для задач наблюдения нового типа, например, навигация мобильных устройств в статье моделируется гидроакустическая маячная система, предназначенная для позиционирования подводных аппаратов. Сформулирована математическая модель задачи выставки, основанная на уравнениях типа состояние-измерение и конечномерных представлениях метода наименьших квадратов. В силу исходной нелинейности задачи предлагается её линеаризация около некоторого опорного решения, характеризующего априорные представления о состоянии системы наблюдения. Особое внимание в статье уделено вопросу разрешимости задачи в трёх аспектах: принципиальной разрешимости (наблюдаемости), разрешимости в условиях инструментальных погрешностей измерений, разрешимости в условиях конечной точности вычислений. Первый аспект разрешимости интерпретируется полнотой ранга соответствующей системы линейных алгебраических уравнений, второй и третий обусловленностью задачи и сходимостью итерационной процедуры оценивания. Приведены результаты численного моделирования для типичных ситуаций. Показано, что могут быть достигнуты точности выставки, достаточные для качественного решения широкого круга навигационных задач.Current paper is about problem observation system based on range measurer. The paper discusses the formulation and approaches to the solution of the two-coordinate task of the adjustment (local coordinate binding) of a multi-position system intended for monitoring mobile objects for various special purposes (underwater, surface, air, etc.). The problem of refining the configuration and spatial orientation for a multiposition observing system during a correction of the solution of a navigation problem by the dead reckoning method is considered. The mathematical model of the exhibition problem based on equations of the state-measurement type of continuous type and finite-dimensional representations of the method of least squares is formulated. Attention is paid to the problem of resolvability of the problem from the point of view fundamental resolvability (observability) and resolvability under instrumental measurement errors and finite accuracy of machine computations. The question of solvability is discussed. The results of a numerical experiment with the use of simulation models are presented. These results adequately illustrate the possibility of an efficient solution of the problem.

Self-adaptive Filters for the Integration of Navigation Data

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Abbott ◽  
C. R. Gent
Keyword(s):  
Kalman Filter ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Internal Model ◽  
Adaptive Filters ◽  
Dead Reckoning ◽  
Internal Variables ◽  
Adaptive Kalman Filter ◽  
True Error ◽  
Navigation Data ◽  
Error Characteristics

The traditional non-adaptive Kalman filter includes models of the error characteristics of the navigation aids in use and such filters are very successful, so long as their model assumptions approximate to the true error characteristics sufficiently closely. However, for any filter there will be times when the environment changes and one or several aids will have errors which are not consistent with the assumed error models. It is necessary to consider carefully the sensitivity of the filter to such changes and, where a significant reduction in performance ensues, modifications to the filter are necessary.This paper introduces a Kalman filter which monitors the behaviour of internal variables to detect and characterize any model imperfections. The filter will then adapt its internal model of the environment accordingly. The discussion is restricted to the development of a navigation filter for integrating dead reckoning (EM log and gyrocompass) and Omega data. The principles are the same for any filter and details regarding similar analysis involving the use of other aids, for example Satnav and Decca, have been developed in a similar way.Before implementing any filter it is necessary to understand the behaviour of the measurement errors. For the dead reckoning and Omega aids this behaviour is described in section 2, while section 3 outlines a filter for integrating these aids and introduces the problems of model imperfections.

scholarly journals An Enhanced Pedestrian Visual-Inertial SLAM System Aided with Vanishing Point in Indoor Environments

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 7428
Author(s):  
Wennan Chai ◽  
Chao Li ◽  
Mingyue Zhang ◽  
Zhen Sun ◽  
Hao Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Inertial Navigation ◽  
Dead Reckoning ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Vanishing Point ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Localization And Mapping ◽  
Loop Detection ◽  
Pedestrian Dead Reckoning

The visual-inertial simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is a feasible indoor positioning system that combines the visual SLAM with inertial navigation. There are accumulated drift errors in inertial navigation due to the state propagation and the bias of the inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor. The visual-inertial SLAM can correct the drift errors via loop detection and local pose optimization. However, if the trajectory is not a closed loop, the drift error might not be significantly reduced. This paper presents a novel pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR)-aided visual-inertial SLAM, taking advantage of the enhanced vanishing point (VP) observation. The VP is integrated into the visual-inertial SLAM as an external observation without drift error to correct the system drift error. Additionally, the estimated trajectory’s scale is affected by the IMU measurement errors in visual-inertial SLAM. Pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) velocity is employed to constrain the double integration result of acceleration measurement from the IMU. Furthermore, to enhance the proposed system’s robustness and the positioning accuracy, the local optimization based on the sliding window and the global optimization based on the segmentation window are proposed. A series of experiments are conducted using the public ADVIO dataset and a self-collected dataset to compare the proposed system with the visual-inertial SLAM. Finally, the results demonstrate that the proposed optimization method can effectively correct the accumulated drift error in the proposed visual-inertial SLAM system.

Elastic Interconnects for Stretchable Electronic Circuits using MID (Moulded Interconnect Device) Technology

2006 ◽  
Vol 926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Brosteaux ◽  
Fabrice Axisa ◽  
Jan Vanfleteren ◽  
Nadine Carchon ◽  
Mario Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Electronic Circuit ◽  
Electronic Circuits ◽  
Track Width ◽  
Blue Led ◽  
Dimethyl Siloxane ◽  
Thick Gold ◽  
Stretchable Interconnects ◽  
Gold Wires ◽  
Device Technology

ABSTRACTAn MID (Moulded Interconnect Device) technology was developed for the production of elastic electronic interconnections. The stretchability is obtained using tortuous horseshoe shaped metallic wiring, embedded in a matrix of PDMS (poly dimethyl siloxane). In this way stretchable interconnects have been realized, consisting of 4 micron thick gold wires, embedded in 250 − 500 μm thick silicone material. . Stretchable interconnections, realised with this technology, have a maximum stretchability above 100%, with a stable resistivity of about 1.5 Ω per running cm for a track width of 100μm. A first simple operating stretchable electronic circuit has been fabricated, consisting of a blue LED driven by stretchable wiring. The technology is under development for use in biomedical applications in the first place, but has potential to be extended for various other applications like smart textiles, robotic skins, etc.

scholarly journals Dent Overlap in Hailpads: Error Estimation and Measurement Correction

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 1073-1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Covadonga Palencia ◽  
Amaya Castro ◽  
Dario Giaiotti ◽  
Fulvio Stel ◽  
Roberto Fraile
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Error Estimation ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Slope Parameter ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Final Measurement ◽  
Computerized Simulation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Exponential Size

AbstractThe measurement of the physical characteristics of hailstones reaching the ground is usually carried out by means of hailpads, on which the impact of hailstones leaves dents. Hailstone dents provide information about parameters, such as the number N of hailstones, their size M, and their kinetic energy E. In the case of intense hailfalls, however, the dents often overlap and the final measurement may not be totally reliable. This paper presents a computerized simulation with the aim of assessing measurement errors caused by dent overlap. The simulated dents represent several random hailfalls with both exponential size distributions and monodispersed size distributions. The simulated hailpads were measured following the procedure employed in the case of hailpads exposed to authentic hailfalls, and it was thus possible to assess the error due to dent overlap. The results show that dent overlap makes it impossible to measure all the dents, which means that in a real hailfall the number of hailstones registered will often be lower than the number of hailstones that actually hit the ground (up to 25% may go undetected). Consequently, the energy and mass of the hailstones are also underestimated (they may be up to 50% higher than the values registered on a hailpad). The maximum size registered, however, does not depend on the degree of overlapping and neither does the slope parameter λ of the exponential distribution, except when λ takes higher values. Finally, the authors suggest a heuristic correction of the data obtained by real hailpads based on the results of the simulations. An example is provided that applies these corrections to the 228 hailfalls registered by the Italian hailpad network over a period of 10 yr. The results show that, on average, the correction applied because of overlapping increases the number of hailstones in 3.2%, the mass in 1.9%, and the energy in 5.4%. However, there are cases in which these corrections reached much higher values of up to 6.9% in N and M, and up to 25.2% in E. It is therefore advisable to correct dent overlap before carrying out a regional climatic study of hail, since this study would certainly be affected by the errors accumulated by all the hailpads.

Novel Silver-Polymer Blend with High Conductivity and Stretchability for Flexible Interconnects

MRS Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (51) ◽  
pp. 3471-3476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jignesh Vanjaria ◽  
Todd Houghton ◽  
Hongbin Yu
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Blend ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Polymer Mixture ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Composite Matrix ◽  
Medical Sensors ◽  
Silver Flakes ◽  
Stretchable Interconnects ◽  
Significant Attention ◽  
Stretchable Interconnect

ABSTRACTStretchable and flexible electronic devices have gained significant attention in recent years, as they can be integrated into many systems such as medical sensors, displays, and robots. One of the primary areas of research is designing stretchable interconnects which provide adequate conductivity and mechanical robustness. Metal-based interconnects have been reported to have the highest conductivity, but are not stretchable enough, while elastomer interconnects are not conductive enough. In this paper we report on a silver polymer blend composite that provides excellent conductivity, stretchability and flexibility for use as a stretchable interconnect. The composite was prepared by dispersing silver flakes in a Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and poly(3,4-ethyl-ene-dioxythiophene) (PEDOT):Poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PSS) polymer mixture. Silver was chosen as it has the highest conductivity of all metals, while the PEDOT:PSS/PVA- H3PO4 blend was chosen as the blend offers a practical trade-off between conductivity and stretchability for the composite matrix. The polymer blend provides conductive pathways between the silver flakes, leading to the blend’s superior electrical properties, even at large deformations. The synthesis process of the composite material, along with the observed electrical and mechanical properties under various straining conditions of the composite will be presented in detail.

GaAs Integrated Laser And Electronic Circuit Technology

1986 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Brillouet ◽  
A. Clei ◽  
N. Bouadma ◽  
R. Lefevre ◽  
R. Azoulay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Circuit ◽  
Circuit Technology
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