scholarly journals Correlations and Scalability of Mechanical Properties on the Micro, Meso and Macro Scale of Precipitation-Hardenable Aluminium Alloy EN AW-6082

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 608
Author(s):  
Anastasiya Toenjes ◽  
Heike Sonnenberg ◽  
Axel von Hehl
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Aluminium Alloy ◽  
Aluminium Alloys ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Solution Annealing ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Testing Cost ◽  
Physical Correlations

The mechanical properties of heat-treatable aluminium alloys are improved and adjusted by three different heat treatment steps, which include solution annealing, quenching, and aging. Due to metal-physical correlations, variations in heat treatment temperatures and times lead to different microstructural conditions with differences in the size and number of phases and their volume fraction in the microstructure. In this work, the investigations of the correlation between microhardness measurements on micro samples and the conventional mechanical properties (hardness, yield strength and tensile strength) of macro samples and the comparability of the different heat treatment states of micro and macro samples made of a hardenable aluminium alloy EN AW-6082 will be discussed. Using the correlations between the mechanical properties of micro samples and macro samples, the size of the samples and, thus, the testing cost and effort can be reduced.

scholarly journals Heat Treatment Evaluation for the Camshafts Production of ADI Low Alloyed with Vanadium

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1036
Author(s):  
Eduardo Colin García ◽  
Alejandro Cruz Ramírez ◽  
Guillermo Reyes Castellanos ◽  
José Federico Chávez Alcalá ◽  
Jaime Téllez Ramírez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Ductile Iron ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Energy Impact ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Mold Casting ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
Good Agreement

Ductile iron camshafts low alloyed with 0.2 and 0.3 wt % vanadium were produced by one of the largest manufacturers of the ductile iron camshafts in México “ARBOMEX S.A de C.V” by a phenolic urethane no-bake sand mold casting method. During functioning, camshafts are subject to bending and torsional stresses, and the lobe surfaces are highly loaded. Thus, high toughness and wear resistance are essential for this component. In this work, two austempering ductile iron heat treatments were evaluated to increase the mechanical properties of tensile strength, hardness, and toughness of the ductile iron camshaft low alloyed with vanadium. The austempering process was held at 265 and 305 °C and austempering times of 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. The volume fraction of high-carbon austenite was determined for the heat treatment conditions by XRD measurements. The ausferritic matrix was determined in 90 min for both austempering temperatures, having a good agreement with the microstructural and hardness evolution as the austempering time increased. The mechanical properties of tensile strength, hardness, and toughness were evaluated from samples obtained from the camshaft and the standard Keel block. The highest mechanical properties were obtained for the austempering heat treatment of 265 °C for 90 min for the ADI containing 0.3 wt % V. The tensile and yield strength were 1200 and 1051 MPa, respectively, while the hardness and the energy impact values were of 47 HRC and 26 J; these values are in the range expected for an ADI grade 3.

scholarly journals A Super-Ductile Alloy for the Diecasting of Aluminium Automotive Body Structural Components

2014 ◽  
Vol 794-796 ◽  
pp. 526-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Watson ◽  
Shou Xun Ji ◽  
Zhong Yun Fan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Ultimate Tensile Strength ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
Aluminium Alloy ◽  
Aluminium Alloys ◽  
Alloying Elements ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Automotive Body ◽  
Structural Parts

Super-ductile diecast aluminium alloys are critical to future lightweighting of automotive body structures. This paper introduces a diecast aluminium alloy that can satisfy the requirements of these applications. After a review of currently available alloys, the requirement of a diecast aluminium alloy for automotive body structural parts is proposed and an Al-Mg-Si system is suggested. The effect of the alloying elements, in the composition, has been investigated on the microstructure and mechanical properties, in particular the yield strength, the ultimate tensile strength and elongation.

Effects of Shrinkage Porosity on Mechanical Properties of a Sand Cast Mg-Y-Re (WE54) Alloy

2013 ◽  
Vol 747-748 ◽  
pp. 390-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Lin Li ◽  
Yue Qun Ma ◽  
Rong Shi Chen ◽  
Wei Ke
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Strengthening Effect ◽  
Secondary Phases ◽  
Sand Cast ◽  
Microstructure Observation ◽  
Porosity Volume Fraction

The distribution of shrinkage porosities in sand cast Mg-Y-RE (WE54) alloy castings was characterized through density measurement and calculated by Archimedess principle. The effect of porosity on mechanical properties of sand cast WE54 alloy was investigated through tensile tests and microstructure observation. It was found that the shrinkage porosities distributed mainly in the middle of the plate where the liquid feeding was quite inconvenient. And the porosities were formed along grain boundaries when secondary phases formed at the end of solidification. Hardness tests showed that the vikers hardness declined linearly with increasing porosity volume fraction. While the tensile strength and nominal yield strength declined exponentially as the porosity volume fraction increased. Microstructure observation showed that the fracture cracks propagated along the grain boundaries where porosities and secondary phases gathering together in as-cast WE54 alloy. The tiny porosities distributed in the secondary phases were observed, which could reduce the tensile strength of cast specimens significantly. The heat treatment strengthening effects were significantly weakened by porosities, and even no heat treatment strengthening effect was detected when the porosity volume fraction was higher than 1%. The microstructure observation also proved that no heat treatment strengthening effect existed in samples containing porosities.

scholarly journals The Effect of Solid-State Processes and Heat Treatment on the Properties of AA7075 Aluminum Waste Recycling Nanocomposite

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 6667
Author(s):  
Huda Mohammed Sabbar ◽  
Zulkiflle Leman ◽  
Shazarel Shamsudin ◽  
Suraya Mohd Tahir ◽  
Che Nor Aiza Jaafar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Hot Extrusion ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Heat Treatment Condition ◽  
Zro2 Nanoparticles ◽  
Compression Pressure

Direct solid-states, such as hot extrusion and equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), are alternative and efficient solid-state processes for use in recycling aluminium scrap. These processes utilise less energy and are eco-friendly. Ceramic particles such as ZrO2 are suggested as alternatives in the production of metal composites. This study investigated and optimised the effects of various parameters of reinforced ZrO2 nanoparticles on the mechanical and physical properties via response surface methodology (RSM). These parameters were the volume fraction (VF), preheating temperature (T), and preheating time (t). The effects of these parameters were examined before and after the heat treatment condition and ECAP. Each parameter was evaluated at varying magnitudes, i.e., 450, 500, and 550 °C for T, 1, 2, and 3 h for t, and 1, 3, and 5% for VF. The effect that process variables had on responses was elucidated using the factorial design with centre point analysis. T and VF were crucial for attaining the optimum ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and microhardness. Reducing VF increased the mechanical properties to 1 vol% of oxide. The maximum hardness of 95 HV was attained at 550 °C, 1.6 h, and 1 vol% ZrO2 with a density of 2.85 g/cm3 and tensile strength of 487 MPa. UTS, density, and microhardness were enhanced by 14%, 1%, and 9.5%, respectively. Additionally, the hot extrusion parameters and ECAP followed by heat treatment strengthened the microhardness by 64% and density by 3%. Compression pressure and extrusion stress produced in these stages were sufficient to eliminate voids that increased the mechanical properties.

Aluminium Alloys Measurement in Quenching Dilatometer and Application of the Data

2015 ◽  
Vol 1127 ◽  
pp. 73-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Kövér ◽  
Peter Sláma
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Phase Transformations ◽  
Aluminium Alloy ◽  
Aluminium Alloys ◽  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
Material Structure ◽  
Solution Annealing ◽  
Transformation Diagrams

Thermal expansion is an important material property. From change of this quantity phase transformations can be evaluated. Therefore dilatometry is a common tool for construction of transformation diagrams in steel and prediction of material structure according to the performed heat treatment. However there are some restrictions for quenching dilatometers, such as magnetic properties of the material or weldability of the controlling and measuring thermocouple. In this article the quenching dilatometry is proposed for evaluation of precipitation during continuous cooling from solution annealing temperature. Aluminium alloy EN AW 6082 was chosen as the experimental material. Due to poor weldability of the experimental material new sample geometry was introduced.

scholarly journals The influence of solution annealing temperature on the properties of Lean Duplex 2101 welded joints in tubes

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Rogalski ◽  
Aleksandra Świerczyńska ◽  
Dariusz Fydrych ◽  
Michał Landowski
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Welded Joints ◽  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
Filler Material ◽  
Solution Annealing ◽  
Delta Ferrite ◽  
Smooth Tubes

The article presents a technology of TIG longitudinal welding without filler material (142) of heat exchanger tubes made of Lean Duplex 2101. The results of studies on the effect of heat treatment (solution annealing) on tensile strength, plasticity, delta ferrite and the structure of smooth tubes are shown. It was found, that the change in solution annealing temperature across the tested range has an impact on mechanical properties of welded tubes and the most advantageous solution annealing temperature (1050 °C) was determined.

Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT) Diagram of Aluminium Alloy Al-4.5Zn-1Mg

2006 ◽  
Vol 519-521 ◽  
pp. 1467-1472 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Kessler ◽  
R. von Bargen ◽  
Fabian Hoffmann ◽  
H.W. Zoch
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Aluminium Alloy ◽  
Aluminium Alloys ◽  
Age Hardening ◽  
Solution Annealing ◽  
Cooling Rates ◽  
Continuous Cooling Transformation ◽  
Continuous Cooling ◽  
Precipitation Behaviour ◽  
Cct Diagrams

Age hardening is one of the most important processes to strengthen aluminium alloys. It usually consists of the steps solution annealing, quenching and aging. For heat treatment simulations as well as for the appropriate choice of quenching processes in heat treatment shops, knowledge of the temperature- and time-dependent precipitation behaviour during continuous cooling is required. Quenching should happen as fast as necessary to reach high strengths, but also as slow as possible, to reduce residual stresses and distortion. This optimal quenching rate of an aluminium component depends on its chemical composition, initial microstructure and solution annealing parameters as well as on its dimensions. Unfortunately continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams of aluminium alloys do almost not exist. Instead isothermal transformation (IT) diagrams or given average quenching rates are used to estimate quenching processes, but they are not satisfying neither for heat treatment simulations nor for heat treatment shops. Thermal analysis, especially Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) provides an approach for CCT-diagrams of aluminium alloys, if the relevant quenching rates can be realized in the DSCequipment. The aluminium alloy Al-4.5Zn-1Mg (7020) is known for its relatively low quenching sensitivity as well as for its technical importance. The complete CCT-diagram of 7020 with cooling rates from a few K/min to some 100 K/min has been recorded. Samples have been solution annealed and quenched with different cooling rates in a high speed DSC. The resulting precipitation heat peaks during cooling have been evaluated for temperature and time of precipitation start, as well as their areas as a measure for the precipitate amount. Quenched samples have been further investigated regarding their microstructure by light and electron microscopy, hardness after aging and precipitation behaviour during re-heating in DSC. The CCT-diagram correlated very well with the microstructure, hardness and re-heating results. A critical cooling rate with no detectable precipitation during continuous cooling 155 K/min could be determined for 7020. A model to integrate the CCT-diagram in heat treatment simulation of aluminium alloys is under development.

scholarly journals On the Post-Printing Heat Treatment of a Wire Arc Additively Manufactured ER70S Part

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Vahedi Nemani ◽  
Mahya Ghaffari ◽  
Ali Nasiri
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Hardening Treatment ◽  
Microstructural Inhomogeneity ◽  
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Lamellar Pearlite ◽  
Non Equilibrium

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is known to induce a considerable microstructural inhomogeneity and anisotropy in mechanical properties, which can potentially be minimized by adopting appropriate post-printing heat treatment. In this paper, the effects of two heat treatment cycles, including hardening and normalizing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a WAAM-fabricated low-carbon low-alloy steel (ER70S-6) are studied. The microstructure in the melt pools of the as-printed sample was found to contain a low volume fraction of lamellar pearlite formed along the grain boundaries of polygonal ferrite as the predominant micro-constituents. The grain coarsening in the heat affected zone (HAZ) was also detected at the periphery of each melt pool boundary, leading to a noticeable microstructural inhomogeneity in the as-fabricated sample. In order to modify the nonuniformity of the microstructure, a normalizing treatment was employed to promote a homogenous microstructure with uniform grain size throughout the melt pools and HAZs. Differently, the hardening treatment contributed to the formation of two non-equilibrium micro-constituents, i.e., acicular ferrite and bainite, primarily adjacent to the lamellar pearlite phase. The results of microhardness testing revealed that the normalizing treatment slightly decreases the microhardness of the sample; however, the formation of non-equilibrium phases during hardening process significantly increased the microhardness of the component. Tensile testing of the as-printed part in the building and deposition directions revealed an anisotropic ductility. Although normalizing treatment did not contribute to the tensile strength improvement of the component, it suppressed the observed anisotropy in ductility. On the contrary, the hardening treatment raised the tensile strength, but further intensified the anisotropic behavior of the component.

Effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties of forged aluminium alloy AA2219

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathew Alphonse ◽  
V.K. Bupesh Raja ◽  
M.S. Vivek ◽  
N.V. Sai Deepak Raj ◽  
M. Satya Sai Darshan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Aluminium Alloy

scholarly journals The Effect of Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High Boron Steel

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1556
Author(s):  
Zhao Li ◽  
Run Wu ◽  
Mingwei Li ◽  
Song-Sheng Zeng ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Martensitic Steel ◽  
Boron Steel ◽  
Quenching And Partitioning ◽  
Effect Mechanism ◽  
Microstructure And Mechanical Properties ◽  
High Boron ◽  
Cast Condition

High boron steel is prone to brittle failure due to the boride distributed in it with net-like or fishbone morphology, which limit its applications. The Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) heat treatment is a promising process to produce martensitic steel with excellent mechanical properties, especially high toughness by increasing the volume fraction of retained austensite (RA) in the martensitic matrix. In this work, the Q&P heat treatment is used to improve the inherent defect of insufficient toughness of high boron steel, and the effect mechanism of this process on microstructure transformation and the change of mechanical properties of the steel has also been investigated. The high boron steel as-casted is composed of martensite, retained austensite (RA) and eutectic borides. A proper quenching and partitioning heat treatment leads to a significant change of the microstructure and mechanical properties of the steel. The net-like and fishbone-like boride is partially broken and spheroidized. The volume fraction of RA increases from 10% in the as-cast condition to 19%, and its morphology also changes from blocky to film-like. Although the macro-hardness has slightly reduced, the toughness is significantly increased up to 7.5 J·cm−2, and the wear resistance is also improved.

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