scholarly journals Naturally Drug-Loaded Chitin: Isolation and Applications

Marine Drugs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentine Kovalchuk ◽  
Alona Voronkina ◽  
Björn Binnewerg ◽  
Mario Schubert ◽  
Liubov Muzychka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Subsequent Treatment ◽  
Marine Sponges ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Family ◽  
3D Architecture ◽  
First Time ◽  
Diffusion Assay

Naturally occurring three-dimensional (3D) biopolymer-based matrices that can be used in different biomedical applications are sustainable alternatives to various artificial 3D materials. For this purpose, chitin-based structures from marine sponges are very promising substitutes. Marine sponges from the order Verongiida (class Demospongiae) are typical examples of demosponges with well-developed chitinous skeletons. In particular, species belonging to the family Ianthellidae possess chitinous, flat, fan-like fibrous skeletons with a unique, microporous 3D architecture that makes them particularly interesting for applications. In this work, we focus our attention on the demosponge Ianthella flabelliformis (Linnaeus, 1759) for simultaneous extraction of both naturally occurring (“ready-to-use”) chitin scaffolds, and biologically active bromotyrosines which are recognized as potential antibiotic, antitumor, and marine antifouling substances. We show that selected bromotyrosines are located within pigmental cells which, however, are localized within chitinous skeletal fibers of I. flabelliformis. A two-step reaction provides two products: treatment with methanol extracts the bromotyrosine compounds bastadin 25 and araplysillin-I N20 sulfamate, and a subsequent treatment with acetic acid and sodium hydroxide exposes the 3D chitinous scaffold. This scaffold is a mesh-like structure, which retains its capillary network, and its use as a potential drug delivery biomaterial was examined for the first time. The results demonstrate that sponge-derived chitin scaffolds, impregnated with decamethoxine, effectively inhibit growth of the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus in an agar diffusion assay.

scholarly journals Naturally Prefabricated Marine Biomaterials: Isolation and Applications of Flat Chitinous 3D Scaffolds from Ianthella labyrinthus (Demospongiae: Verongiida)

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 5105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Schubert ◽  
Björn Binnewerg ◽  
Alona Voronkina ◽  
Lyubov Muzychka ◽  
Marcin Wysokowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Marine Sponges ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
3D Scaffolds ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
The Family ◽  
Unique Source ◽  
Induced Pluripotent ◽  
First Time

Marine sponges remain representative of a unique source of renewable biological materials. The demosponges of the family Ianthellidae possess chitin-based skeletons with high biomimetic potential. These three-dimensional (3D) constructs can potentially be used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this study, we focus our attention, for the first time, on the marine sponge Ianthella labyrinthus Bergquist & Kelly-Borges, 1995 (Demospongiae: Verongida: Ianthellidae) as a novel potential source of naturally prestructured bandage-like 3D scaffolds which can be isolated simultaneously with biologically active bromotyrosines. Specifically, translucent and elastic flat chitinous scaffolds have been obtained after bromotyrosine extraction and chemical treatments of the sponge skeleton with alternate alkaline and acidic solutions. For the first time, cardiomyocytes differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-CMs) have been used to test the suitability of I. labyrinthus chitinous skeleton as ready-to-use scaffold for their cell culture. Results reveal a comparable attachment and growth on isolated chitin-skeleton, compared to scaffolds coated with extracellular matrix mimetic Geltrex®. Thus, the natural, unmodified I. labyrinthus cleaned sponge skeleton can be used to culture iPSC-CMs and 3D tissue engineering. In addition, I. labyrinthus chitin-based scaffolds demonstrate strong and efficient capability to absorb blood deep into the microtubes due to their excellent capillary effect. These findings are suggestive of the future development of new sponge chitin-based absorbable hemostats as alternatives to already well recognized cellulose-based fabrics.

Bromopyrrole Alkaloids from the Jamaican Sponge Didiscus Oxeata

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (7) ◽  
pp. 427-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Feng Hu ◽  
Jiangnan Peng ◽  
Abul B. Kazi ◽  
Michelle Kelly ◽  
Mark T. Hamann
Keyword(s):  
Marine Sponges ◽  
Spectroscopic Methods ◽  
Biological Investigation ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Acetone Extracts ◽  
First Time

Three bromopyrrole alkaloids (1–3) were isolated from the acetone extracts of Didiscus oxeata during chemical and biological investigation of Caribbean and Indo-Pacific marine sponges. The structures were established by spectroscopic methods. Mukanadin D (3) was obtained for the first time as a naturally-occurring C11 bromopyrrole alkaloid.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional reconstruction of a whole insect reveals its phloem sap-sucking mechanism at nano-resolution

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin-Qiu Wang ◽  
Jian-sheng Guo ◽  
Dan-Ting Li ◽  
Yang Yu ◽  
Jaco Hagoort ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Nilaparvata Lugens ◽  
Phloem Sap ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Internal Structures ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Block Face ◽  
First Time ◽  
Plant Sap

Using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy, we report on the internal 3D structures of the brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens(Hemiptera: Delphacidae) at nanometer resolution for the first time. Within the reconstructed organs and tissues, we found many novel and fascinating internal structures in the planthopper such as naturally occurring three four-way rings connecting adjacent spiracles to facilitate efficient gas exchange, and fungal endosymbionts in a single huge insect cell occupying 22% of the abdomen volume to enable the insect to live on plant sap. To understand the muscle and stylet movement during phloem sap-sucking, the cephalic skeleton and muscles were reconstructed in feeding nymphs. The results revealed an unexpected contraction of the protractors of the stylets and suggested a novel feeding model for the phloem sap-sucking.

scholarly journals Research Note. The first report of three acanthocephalan parasite species isolated from Philippine fishes

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 384-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. A. Briones ◽  
R. D. S. Papa ◽  
G. A. Cauyan ◽  
M. Urabe
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
New Records ◽  
First Record ◽  
Research Note ◽  
First Report ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Family ◽  
Acanthocephalan Parasite ◽  
First Time

Summary Three acanthocephalan parasites, namely Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) quinghaiensis, Rhadinorhynchus ganapatti, and Bolbosoma sp. are reported for the first time from Philippine fishes. N. (N.) quinghaiensis (Neoechinorhynchidae) may have been introduced into the country through the importation of carp species from China, where this parasite was first described and is presumed to be naturally occurring. The adult worms of R. ganapatti and the isolated cystacanth of Bolbosoma sp. represent the first record of parasites from both the family Rhadinorhynchidae and Polymorphidae in Philippine waters, respectively. These three new records encompass a third of all listed acanthocephalan parasites that have been reported in Philippine fish species to date, highlighting the need for more biodiversity-focused parasitology research, in light of potentially numerous more undocumented parasite species.

scholarly journals Semisynthesis of Selenoauraptene

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2798
Author(s):  
Serena Fiorito ◽  
Francesco Epifano ◽  
Lorenzo Marchetti ◽  
Salvatore Genovese
Keyword(s):  
Short Communication ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Radical Scavenger ◽  
In Vitro Activity ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Antioxidant Agents ◽  
Approved Drugs ◽  
First Time

Selenium-containing compounds are gaining more and more interest due to their valuable and promising pharmacological properties, mainly as anticancer and antioxidant agents. Ebselen, the up to now only approved drugs, is well known to possess very good glutathione peroxidase mimicking effects. To date, the most of efforts have been directed to build pure synthetic Se containing molecules, while less attention have been devoted to Se-based semisynthetic products resembling natural compounds like terpenes, polyphenols, and alkaloids. The aim of this short communication is to report the synthesis of the first example of a Se-phenylpropanoids, namely selenoauraptene, containing a selenogeranyl side chain in position 7 of the umbelliferone core. The key step was the Newman-Kwart rearrangement to obtain a selenocarbamate in which the Se atom was directly attached to umbelliferone (replacing its 7-OH function) followed by hydrolysis to get diumbelliferyl diselenide, which was finally easily converted to the desired Se-geranyl derivative in quite a good overall yield (28.5%). The synthesized adduct displayed a greater antioxidant and a radical scavenger in vitro activity than parent auraptene. The procedure we describe herein, to the best of our knowledge for the first time in the literature, represents an easy-to-handle method for the synthesis of a wide array of seleno analogues of naturally occurring biologically active oxyprenylated secondary metabolites.

scholarly journals The Isolation of Biologically Active Secondary Metabolites from New Zealand Marine Organisms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Robert Alexander Keyzers
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Marine Sponges ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
The Novel ◽  
2D Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Toxic Algal Bloom

<p>An improved protocol for the screening of marine sponges using cyclic loading, PSDVB, and both 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy is described. Using this new methodology, 51 sponges were screened. Further investigations were carried out on seven of the 51 organisms, resulting in the isolation of several known and eight novel compounds. Clathriols A (32) and B (33) are novel sterols isolated from the sponge Clathria lissosclera. Both 32 and 33 possess the rare 14 Beta stereochemistry, a feature only naturally occurring in marine sponges. Both are also moderate anti-inflammatory compounds. Ten spongian diterpenes were isolated from the New Zealand, sponge Chelonaplysilla violacea, six of which are novel. Cadlinolides C (138) and D (139) are similar to several previously reported compounds while pourewic acid A (140), 15-methoxypourewic acid B (141), methylpourewate B (142) and pourewanone (143) have unique structural features and are of biogenetic significance. Pourewanone (143) is the first example of a formate isolated from the marine environment. Several of the novel diterpenes exhibit moderate anti-inflammatory activity. A potent dinoflagellate toxin was partially purified from cultures of the producing organism, Karenia brevisulcata. K. brevisulcata is a new dinoflagellate species implicated in a large toxic algal bloom in Wellington Harbour, New Zealand, which formed during the summer of 1997/1998. Although the toxin could not be identified, some of the functionality present, and several possible substructures, is proposed. The biological activity of the toxin is also described.</p>

scholarly journals Express Method for Isolation of Ready-to-Use 3D Chitin Scaffolds from Aplysina archeri (Aplysineidae: Verongiida) Demosponge

Marine Drugs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Klinger ◽  
Sonia Żółtowska-Aksamitowska ◽  
Marcin Wysokowski ◽  
Mikhail V. Tsurkan ◽  
Roberta Galli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Sponges ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Methylene Blue Dye ◽  
Biotechnological Applications ◽  
Express Method ◽  
First Time ◽  
Interconnected Structure ◽  
Biomedical Fields ◽  
Human And Animal Diseases

Sponges are a valuable source of natural compounds and biomaterials for many biotechnological applications. Marine sponges belonging to the order Verongiida are known to contain both chitin and biologically active bromotyrosines. Aplysina archeri (Aplysineidae: Verongiida) is well known to contain bromotyrosines with relevant bioactivity against human and animal diseases. The aim of this study was to develop an express method for the production of naturally prefabricated 3D chitin and bromotyrosine-containing extracts simultaneously. This new method is based on microwave irradiation (MWI) together with stepwise treatment using 1% sodium hydroxide, 20% acetic acid, and 30% hydrogen peroxide. This approach, which takes up to 1 h, made it possible to isolate chitin from the tube-like skeleton of A. archeri and to demonstrate the presence of this biopolymer in this sponge for the first time. Additionally, this procedure does not deacetylate chitin to chitosan and enables the recovery of ready-to-use 3D chitin scaffolds without destruction of the unique tube-like fibrous interconnected structure of the isolated biomaterial. Furthermore, these mechanically stressed fibers still have the capacity for saturation with water, methylene blue dye, crude oil, and blood, which is necessary for the application of such renewable 3D chitinous centimeter-sized scaffolds in diverse technological and biomedical fields.

scholarly journals Three dimensional architecture of carbon wrapped multilayer Na3V2O2(PO4)2F nanocubes embedded in graphene for improved sodium ion batteries

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (34) ◽  
pp. 17563-17568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyun Jin ◽  
Jie Dong ◽  
Evan Uchaker ◽  
Qifeng Zhang ◽  
Xuezhe Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Simple Approach ◽  
Sodium Ion ◽  
Sodium Ion Batteries ◽  
3D Architecture ◽  
First Time

A novel Na3V2O2(PO4)2F@carbon/graphene three dimensional (3D)architecture (NVPF@C/G) is developed through a simple approach for the first time, which demonstrates superior sodiation properties for Na-ion batteries.

scholarly journals The Isolation of Biologically Active Secondary Metabolites from New Zealand Marine Organisms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Robert Alexander Keyzers
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Marine Sponges ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
The Novel ◽  
2D Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Toxic Algal Bloom

<p>An improved protocol for the screening of marine sponges using cyclic loading, PSDVB, and both 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy is described. Using this new methodology, 51 sponges were screened. Further investigations were carried out on seven of the 51 organisms, resulting in the isolation of several known and eight novel compounds. Clathriols A (32) and B (33) are novel sterols isolated from the sponge Clathria lissosclera. Both 32 and 33 possess the rare 14 Beta stereochemistry, a feature only naturally occurring in marine sponges. Both are also moderate anti-inflammatory compounds. Ten spongian diterpenes were isolated from the New Zealand, sponge Chelonaplysilla violacea, six of which are novel. Cadlinolides C (138) and D (139) are similar to several previously reported compounds while pourewic acid A (140), 15-methoxypourewic acid B (141), methylpourewate B (142) and pourewanone (143) have unique structural features and are of biogenetic significance. Pourewanone (143) is the first example of a formate isolated from the marine environment. Several of the novel diterpenes exhibit moderate anti-inflammatory activity. A potent dinoflagellate toxin was partially purified from cultures of the producing organism, Karenia brevisulcata. K. brevisulcata is a new dinoflagellate species implicated in a large toxic algal bloom in Wellington Harbour, New Zealand, which formed during the summer of 1997/1998. Although the toxin could not be identified, some of the functionality present, and several possible substructures, is proposed. The biological activity of the toxin is also described.</p>

Applications of Scanning Microscopy in Biomedical Research

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 354-355
Author(s):  
T. L. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Whole Mount ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Content Information ◽  
Sectioned Tissue

Biomedical applications of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) have increased in number quite rapidly over the last several years. Studies have been made of cells, whole mount tissue, sectioned tissue, particles, human chromosomes, microorganisms, dental enamel and skeletal material. Many of the advantages of using this instrument for such investigations come from its ability to produce images that are high in information content. Information about the chemical make-up of the specimen, its electrical properties and its three dimensional architecture all may be represented in such images. Since the biological system is distinctive in its chemistry and often spatially scaled to the resolving power of the SEM, these images are particularly useful in biomedical research.In any form of microscopy there are two parameters that together determine the usefulness of the image. One parameter is the size of the volume being studied or resolving power of the instrument and the other is the amount of information about this volume that is displayed in the image. Both parameters are important in describing the performance of a microscope. The light microscope image, for example, is rich in information content (chemical, spatial, living specimen, etc.) but is very limited in resolving power.

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