scholarly journals Designing the Composition of Cement-Stabilized Rammed Earth with the Association Analysis Application

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1390
Author(s):  
Wojciech Rogala ◽  
Hubert Anysz ◽  
Piotr Narloch
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Association Analysis ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Crash Test ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
High Confidence ◽  
Association Analyses ◽  
Structural Composite ◽  
Random Character ◽  
Analysis Application

The main advantage of the structural composite material known as cement-stabilized rammed earth (CSRE) is that it can be formulated as a sustainable and cost-saving solution. The use of the aggregates collected very close to a construction site allows economizing on transportation costs. Another factor that makes sustainability higher and the costs lower is a small addition of cement to the CSRE in comparison to the regular concrete. However, the low cement content makes the compressive strength of this structural material sensitive to other factors. One of them is the composition of the aggregates. Considering the fact that they are obtained locally, without full laboratory control of their composition, achieving the required compressive strength of CSRE is a challenge. To assess the possibility of achieving a certain compressive strength of CSRE, based on its core properties, the innovative algorithm of designing CSRE is proposed. Based on 582 crash-test of CSRE samples of different composition and compaction levels, along with the use of association analysis, the spreadsheet application is created. Applying the algorithm and the spreadsheet, it is possible to design the composition of CSRE with high confidence of achieving the required compressive strength. The algorithm considers a random character of aggregates locally collected and proposes multiple possible ways of increasing the confidence. They are verified through innovatively applied association analyses in the enclosed spreadsheet.

scholarly journals The Effect of Soil Mineral Composition on the Compressive Strength of Cement Stabilized Rammed Earth

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Narloch ◽  
Piotr Woyciechowski ◽  
Jakub Kotowski ◽  
Ireneusz Gawriuczenkow ◽  
Emilia Wójcik
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Mineral Compositions ◽  
Strength Result ◽  
Distribution Water

Cemented stabilized rammed earth (CSRE) is a building material used to build load bearing walls from locally available soil. The article analyzes the influence of soil mineral composition on CSRE compressive strength. Compression tests of CSRE samples of various mineral compositions, but the same particle size distribution, water content, and cement content were conducted. Based on the compression strength results and analyzed SEM images, it was observed that even small changes in the mineral composition significantly affected the CSRE compressive strength. From the comparison of CSRE compressive strength result sets, one can draw general qualitative conclusions that montmorillonite lowered the compressive strength the most; beidellite also lowered it, but to a lesser extent. Kaolinite lightly increased the compressive strength.

scholarly journals Effect of compaction water content on the strength of cement-stabilized rammed earth materials

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 583-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Beckett ◽  
Daniela Ciancio
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Hydrated Cement ◽  
Material Microstructure ◽  
Optimum Water Content ◽  
Intimate Link ◽  
Current Guidelines

Current guidelines suggest that stabilized rammed earth materials be compacted at their optimum water content to achieve their maximum strength. Although this is true for traditional rammed earth, there is no evidence that this procedure should also be used for cement-stabilized rammed earth. Furthermore, the water content used at compaction is usually difficult to control on a construction site, so that material might be compacted at water contents other than the optimum. In this paper, a novel experimental programme is presented in which the effect of compaction water content on the unconfined compressive strength of crushed limestone stabilized to 5% Portland cement content is investigated for a range of curing periods. Freeze drying of specimens was used to arrest cement hydration to determine the evolution of hydrated cement content. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was used to identify differences between the final material microstructures. Results are discussed demonstrating the intimate link between the amount of hydrated cement, material microstructure, and compressive strength.

scholarly journals The Influence Of Loam Type And Cement Content On The Compressive Strength Of Rammed Earth

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Narloch ◽  
P. Woyciechowski ◽  
P. Jęda
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Portland Cement ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
Earth Material ◽  
American Standard

AbstractCurrently, a worldwide dynamic rise of interest in using soil as a construction material can be observed. This trend is evident in the rapid rise of the amount of standards that deal with soil techniques. In 2012 the number of standards was larger by one third than five years prior. To create a full standardization of the rammed earth technique it is necessary to take into account the diversity of used soil and stabilizing additives. The proportion of the components, the process of element production and the research methods must also be made uniform. The article describes the results of research on the compressive strength of rammed earth samples that differed from each other with regards to the type of loam used for the mixture and the amount of the stabilizer. The stabilizer used was Portland cement CEM I 42.5R. The research and the analysis of the results were based on foreign publications, the New Zealand standard NZS 4298:1998, the American Standard NMAC14.7.4 and archival Polish Standards from the 1960’s that dealt with earth material.

scholarly journals A Study on the Red Clay Binder Stabilized with a Polymer Aqueous Solution

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Jinsung Kim ◽  
Hyeonggil Choi ◽  
Hyeun-Min Rye ◽  
Keun-Byoung Yoon ◽  
Dong-Eun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Microstructural Analysis ◽  
Silica Particles ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Aggregate Formation ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Earth Construction ◽  
Performance Requirements ◽  
Polymer Aqueous Solution ◽  
Structure And Microstructure

In this study, the performance evaluation was performed by adding a polymer aqueous (PA) solution as a new additive of the red clay binder for use in the rammed-earth construction method. The evaluation items were compressive strength, water erosion, shrinkage, crystal structure, and microstructure. As a result of the experiment, the binder was improved by efficiently bonding the silica particles by the polymerized polymer. It was confirmed that adding a PA solution to red clay enhances the compressive strength, which is further improved when 5 wt% poly(Acrylic acid(AA)-co-Acrylamide(AM)) is added to the PA solution. Microstructural analysis indicated that the addition of a PA solution facilitates effective bonding of the silica particles of red clay to form hydrogen bonding with poly(AA-co-AM) and encourages aggregate formation. Therefore, the study confirmed that PA solution can be applied to satisfy the performance requirements of the rammed-earth construction by improving the durability and strength of the binder.

Hierarchical mixed-model expedites genome-wide longitudinal association analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Yuxin Song ◽  
Jin Gao ◽  
Hengyu Zhang ◽  
Ning Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Association Analysis ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Random Regression ◽  
Association Analyses ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Random Regression Model ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Longitudinal Association ◽  
Poultry Data

AbstractA hierarchical random regression model (Hi-RRM) was extended into a genome-wide association analysis for longitudinal data, which significantly reduced the dimensionality of repeated measurements. The Hi-RRM first modeled the phenotypic trajectory of each individual using a RRM and then associated phenotypic regressions with genetic markers using a multivariate mixed model (mvLMM). By spectral decomposition of genomic relationship and regression covariance matrices, the mvLMM was transformed into a multiple linear regression, which improved computing efficiency while implementing mvLMM associations in efficient mixed-model association expedited (EMMAX). Compared with the existing RRM-based association analyses, the statistical utility of Hi-RRM was demonstrated by simulation experiments. The method proposed here was also applied to find the quantitative trait nucleotides controlling the growth pattern of egg weights in poultry data.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS INFLUENCE OF CEMENT OF THE ASPHALT PAVEMENT DEMOLITION MATERIAL ON ROADS SEMARANG-DEMAK-INDONESIA

2017 ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
P. Pratikso ◽  
A. Purwanto ◽  
S. Sudarno
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Asphalt Pavement ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Natural Material ◽  
Road Infrastructure ◽  
Asphalt Cement

Natural resources such as natural material such as stone, sand, asphalt which has long been used by humans for road construction because of the limited experience any material taken will collide with the preservation of the environment so that the construction work of road infrastructure obstacles and ultimately can lead to the work stalled road infrastructure. To overcome these problems it is necessary to the implementation of the technology development of road infrastructure by using recycled (recycling). The purpose of this study is to determine levels of cement that can be used for the top layer foundation (base course) with recycled materials mixed asphalt cement / Cement Treated Recycling Base (CTRB) on road rehabilitation Semarang - Demak and to determine the uncondifined compressive strength that occurs so that the material can be reused as construction material pavement layer. This study uses an experimental method in the laboratory with a cylindrical specimen diameter of 7 cm height of 14 cm made of asphalt pavement scratching Semarang-Demak roads with cement content variation 0%, 1.5%, 3%, 4.5%, 6% and 7.5% is used for testing the uncondifined compressive strength / (UCS) at the age of 7 days, 21 days, 14 days and 28 days. The results show that the addition of cement content will increase the value of the dry weight insignificantly, but will rise UCS value significantly and utilization of scratching asphalt cement with added material from these laboratory experiments can increase the carrying capacity CTRB construction. Levels of cement that meets the requirements of Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) for the construction of Cement Treated Recycling Base (CTRB) is between 6% to 7.5%. According to the results of research it is economically to used cement content at average of 6.75% for road rehabilitation works Semarang - Demak has met the required UCS test.

scholarly journals THE SUITABILITY OF SEAWATER ON CONCRETING IN THE NIGER – DELTA ZONE

2019 ◽  
pp. 39-48
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Niger Delta ◽  
Mathematical Theory ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Suitable Condition ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Minimum Level ◽  
Concrete Compressive Strength ◽  
Factorial Regression

This study was carried out in order to determine the suitability or otherwise of seawater for concreting. The study was carried out using the Box-Wilson symmetric composite plan B3, comprising 15 experimental points with 3 levels of treatment each. In accordance with the principle of the mathematical theory of experiment, multi-factorial regression models were evolved. The cement content at maximum level[x1 (+), water content at the minimum level [x2 (-)] and retarding admixture at minimum level of treatment [x3(-)] proved to be the most suitable condition for concreting. The result as follows were; Concrete slump: 60mm, Concrete density: 2450g/cm3, Concrete compressive strength: 22.56N/mm2, 26.65N/mm2 and 30.09N/mm2 for 7days, 14days and 28 days, respectively.

scholarly journals Investigation on cement-improved phyllite based on the vertical vibration compaction method

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0247599
Author(s):  
Yingjun Jiang ◽  
Jiangtao Fan ◽  
Yong Yi ◽  
Tian Tian ◽  
Kejia Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Unconfined Compressive Strength ◽  
Static Pressure ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Vertical Vibration ◽  
Pressure Method ◽  
Vibration Compaction ◽  
Modulus Of Resilience ◽  
Compaction Method

The vertical vibration compaction method (VVCM), heavy compaction method and static pressure method were used to form phyllite specimens with different degrees of weathering. The influence of cement content, compactness, and compaction method on the mechanical properties of phyllite was studied. The mechanical properties of phyllite was evaluated in terms of unconfined compressive strength (Rc) and modulus of resilience (Ec). Further, test roads were paved along an expressway in China to demonstrate the feasibility of the highly weathered phyllite improvement technology. Results show that unweathered phyllite can be used as subgrade filler. In spite of increasing compactness, phyllite with a higher degree of weathering cannot meet the requirements for subgrade filler. With increasing cement content, Rc and Ec of the improved phyllite increases linearly. Rc and Ec increase by at least 15% and 17%, respectively, for every 1% increase in cement content and by at least 10% and 6%, respectively, for every 1% increase in compactness. The higher the degree of weathering of phyllite, the greater the degree of improvement of its mechanical properties.

scholarly journals Experimental and FEM Investigation of Cob Walls under Compression

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Quagliarini ◽  
Gianluca Maracchini
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Mechanical Behaviour ◽  
Poisson’S Ratio ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Poisson's Ratio ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Crack Model

Earth has been used as construction material since prehistoric times, and it is still utilized nowadays in both developed and developing countries. Heritage conservation purposes and its intrinsic environmental benefits have led researchers to investigate the mechanical behaviour of this material. However, while a lot of works concern with rammed earth, CEB, and adobe techniques, very few studies are directed towards cob, which is an alternative to the more diffused rammed earth and adobe in specific geographic conditions. Due to this lack, this paper presents an experimental program aimed at assessing the failure mode and the main mechanical properties of cob earth walls (compressive strength, Young’s modulus, and Poisson’s ratio) through monotonic axial compression tests. Results show that, if compared with CEB, adobe, and rammed earth, cob has the lowest compressive strength, the lowest modulus of elasticity, and Poisson’s ratio. Differences are also found by comparing results with those obtained for other cob techniques, underlining both the high regional variability of cob and the need of performing more research on this topic. A strong dependence of material properties on loading rate and water content seems to exist too. Finally, the ability of a common analytical method used for masonry structures (an FEM macromodelling with a total strain rotating crack model) to represent the mechanical behaviour of cob walls is showed.

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