scholarly journals A Study on the Red Clay Binder Stabilized with a Polymer Aqueous Solution

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Jinsung Kim ◽  
Hyeonggil Choi ◽  
Hyeun-Min Rye ◽  
Keun-Byoung Yoon ◽  
Dong-Eun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Microstructural Analysis ◽  
Silica Particles ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Aggregate Formation ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Earth Construction ◽  
Performance Requirements ◽  
Polymer Aqueous Solution ◽  
Structure And Microstructure

In this study, the performance evaluation was performed by adding a polymer aqueous (PA) solution as a new additive of the red clay binder for use in the rammed-earth construction method. The evaluation items were compressive strength, water erosion, shrinkage, crystal structure, and microstructure. As a result of the experiment, the binder was improved by efficiently bonding the silica particles by the polymerized polymer. It was confirmed that adding a PA solution to red clay enhances the compressive strength, which is further improved when 5 wt% poly(Acrylic acid(AA)-co-Acrylamide(AM)) is added to the PA solution. Microstructural analysis indicated that the addition of a PA solution facilitates effective bonding of the silica particles of red clay to form hydrogen bonding with poly(AA-co-AM) and encourages aggregate formation. Therefore, the study confirmed that PA solution can be applied to satisfy the performance requirements of the rammed-earth construction by improving the durability and strength of the binder.

scholarly journals Performance Evaluation of Red Clay Binder with Epoxy Emulsion for Autonomous Rammed Earth Construction

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinsung Kim ◽  
Hyeonggil Choi ◽  
Keun-Byoung Yoon ◽  
Dong-Eun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Construction Method ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Construction Methods ◽  
Earth Construction ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
Epoxy Emulsion

 Existing rammed earth construction methods have disadvantages such as increased initial costs for manufacturing the large formwork and increased labor costs owing to the labor-intensive construction techniques involved. To address the limitations of the existing rammed earth construction methods, an autonomous rammed earth construction method was introduced herein. When constructing an autonomous rammed-earth construction method, an alternative means of assuring the performance at the initial age of the binder in terms of materials is needed. In this study, in order to satisfy the performance of the red clay binder, epoxy emulsion was added to analyze the compressive strength, water loosening, shrinkage, rate of mass change, and microstructure in the range of the initial age. As a result of the analysis, the applicability of the epoxy emulsion was confirmed as a new additive for application to an autonomous rammed-earth construction method.

scholarly journals Performance Evaluation of Red Clay Binder with Epoxy Emulsion for Autonomous Rammed Earth Construction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinsung Kim ◽  
Hyeonggil Choi ◽  
Keun-Byoung Yoon ◽  
Dong-Eun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Construction Method ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Construction Methods ◽  
Earth Construction ◽  
Performance Requirements ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
Alternative Materials ◽  
Epoxy Emulsion

Existing rammed earth construction methods have disadvantages such as increased initial costs for manufacturing the large formwork and increased labor costs owing to the labor-intensive construction techniques involved. To address the limitations of existing rammed earth construction methods, an autonomous rammed earth construction method is introduced herein. As this autonomous rammed earth construction method uses a modular formwork, alternative materials must be used in the construction to satisfy the requirements for the early-age binder performance. Accordingly, this study evaluates the use of an epoxy emulsion composed of epoxy and a hardener to enhance the performance of the binder. Preliminary experiments were conducted to determine the optimal formulation of the epoxy emulsion, following which the compressive strength, water loosening, shrinkage, rate of mass change, and microstructure of several red clay binder specimens with and without epoxy emulsion were analyzed at early ages. The results confirmed that the epoxy emulsion can be applied to satisfy the performance requirements for autonomous rammed earth construction by improving the durability and strength of the binder at early ages.

scholarly journals Waste-Based One-Part Alkali Activated Materials

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2911
Author(s):  
Margarida Gonçalves ◽  
Inês Silveirinha Vilarinho ◽  
Marinélia Capela ◽  
Ana Caetano ◽  
Rui Miguel Novais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Microstructural Analysis ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Sodium Metasilicate ◽  
High Compressive Strength ◽  
Hardened State ◽  
First Time ◽  
Furnace Slag ◽  
Alkali Activated

Ordinary Portland Cement is the most widely used binder in the construction sector; however, a very high carbon footprint is associated with its production process. Consequently, more sustainable alternative construction materials are being investigated, namely, one-part alkali activated materials (AAMs). In this work, waste-based one-part AAMs binders were developed using only a blast furnace slag, as the solid precursor, and sodium metasilicate, as the solid activator. For the first time, mortars in which the commercial sand was replaced by two exhausted sands from biomass boilers (CA and CT) were developed. Firstly, the characterization of the slag and sands (aggregates) was performed. After, the AAMs fresh and hardened state properties were evaluated, being the characterization complemented by FTIR and microstructural analysis. The binder and the mortars prepared with commercial sand presented high compressive strength values after 28 days of curing-56 MPa and 79 MPa, respectively. The mortars developed with exhausted sands exhibit outstanding compressive strength values, 86 and 70 MPa for CT and CA, respectively, and the other material’s properties were not affected. Consequently, this work proved that high compressive strength waste-based one-part AAMs mortars can be produced and that it is feasible to use another waste as aggregate in the mortar’s formulations: the exhausted sands from biomass boilers.

scholarly journals Design Optimisation Strategies for Solid Rammed Earth Walls in Mediterranean Climates

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 325
Author(s):  
Giada Giuffrida ◽  
Maurizio Detommaso ◽  
Francesco Nocera ◽  
Rosa Caponetto
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Earth Construction ◽  
Material Choice ◽  
Earth Walls ◽  
Raw Earth

The renewed attention paid to raw earth construction in recent decades is linked to its undoubted sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and low embodied energy. In Italy, the use of raw earth as a construction material is limited by the lack of a technical reference standard and is penalised by the current energy legislation for its massive behaviour. Research experiences, especially transoceanic, on highly performative contemporary buildings made with natural materials show that raw earth can be used, together with different types of reinforcements, to create safe, earthquake-resistant, and thermally efficient buildings. On the basis of experimental data of an innovative fibre-reinforced rammed earth material, energy analyses are developed on a rammed earth building designed for a Mediterranean climate. The paper focuses on the influences that different design solutions, inspired by traditional bioclimatic strategies, and various optimised wall constructions have in the improvement of the energy performance of the abovementioned building. These considerations are furthermore compared with different design criteria aiming at minimising embodied carbon in base material choice, costs, and discomfort hours. Results have shown the effectiveness of using the combination of massive rammed earth walls, night cross ventilation, and overhangs for the reduction of energy demand for space cooling and the improvement of wellbeing. Finally, the parametric analysis of thermal insulation has highlighted the economic, environmental, and thermophysical optimal solutions for the rammed earth envelope.

scholarly journals Soil stabilisation using alkaline activation of fly ash for self compacting rammed earth construction

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 727-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuno Cristelo ◽  
Stephanie Glendinning ◽  
Tiago Miranda ◽  
Daniel Oliveira ◽  
Rui Silva
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Alkaline Activation ◽  
Earth Construction ◽  
Soil Stabilisation

scholarly journals Effect of Paper Waste as Cement Replacement in Rammed Earth Construction

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 865-869
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Paper Waste ◽  
Earth Construction ◽  
Water Absorbability

The focus on sustainability is at its peak in the construction industries in the last couple of decades. That includes green constructions such as rammed earth construction. Due to media exposure and carbon emission, people are undeniably turning to green and sustainable buildings. Furthermore, there is an improper management pattern of solid waste management found in developing countries, such as open burning and dumping of solid wastes. In which paper waste is not handled in a good way. There arefew places in developing countries where developing countries follow proper management of solid waste. Paper waste is present in each city because people are using it for daily life. Paper waste has fibre in them and has cellulose content. These components of paper waste are suitable for compressive strength. It has a side effect that it increases water absorbability. The reason for this research work is to reduce paper waste and reduce cement content. This paper also aims to find the durability and strength properties of rammed earth construction.

scholarly journals Experimental and FEM Investigation of Cob Walls under Compression

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Quagliarini ◽  
Gianluca Maracchini
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Mechanical Behaviour ◽  
Poisson’S Ratio ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Poisson's Ratio ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Crack Model

Earth has been used as construction material since prehistoric times, and it is still utilized nowadays in both developed and developing countries. Heritage conservation purposes and its intrinsic environmental benefits have led researchers to investigate the mechanical behaviour of this material. However, while a lot of works concern with rammed earth, CEB, and adobe techniques, very few studies are directed towards cob, which is an alternative to the more diffused rammed earth and adobe in specific geographic conditions. Due to this lack, this paper presents an experimental program aimed at assessing the failure mode and the main mechanical properties of cob earth walls (compressive strength, Young’s modulus, and Poisson’s ratio) through monotonic axial compression tests. Results show that, if compared with CEB, adobe, and rammed earth, cob has the lowest compressive strength, the lowest modulus of elasticity, and Poisson’s ratio. Differences are also found by comparing results with those obtained for other cob techniques, underlining both the high regional variability of cob and the need of performing more research on this topic. A strong dependence of material properties on loading rate and water content seems to exist too. Finally, the ability of a common analytical method used for masonry structures (an FEM macromodelling with a total strain rotating crack model) to represent the mechanical behaviour of cob walls is showed.

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