scholarly journals Corrosion Susceptibility and Allergy Potential of Austenitic Stainless Steels

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4187
Author(s):  
Lucien Reclaru ◽  
Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Steel Structure ◽  
Austenitic Steels ◽  
Localized Corrosion ◽  
General Corrosion ◽  
Secondary Phases ◽  
Chemical Test ◽  
Nickel Release

Although called stainless steels, austenitic steels are sensitive to localized corrosion, namely pitting, crevice, and intergranular form. Seventeen grades of steel were tested for localized corrosion. Steels were also tested in general corrosion and in galvanic couplings (steels–precious alloys) used in watchmaking applications. The evaluations have been carried out in accordance with the ASTM standards which specifically concern the forms of corrosion namely, general (B117-97, salt fog test), pitting (G48-11, FeCl3), crevice (F746-87) and intergranular (A262-15, Strauss chemical test and G108-94, Electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation test). All tests revealed sensitivity to corrosion. We have noticed that the transverse face is clearly more sensitive than the longitudinal face, in the direction of rolling process. The same conclusion has been drawn from the tests of nickel release. It should be pointed out that, despite the fact that the grade of steel is in conformity with the classification standards, the behavior is very different from one manufacturer to another, due to parameters dependent on the production process, such as casting volume, alloying additions, and deoxidizing agents. The quantities of nickel released are related to the operations involved in the manufacturing process. Heat treatments reduce the quantities of nickel released. The surface state has little influence on the release. The hardening procedures increase the quantities of nickel released. The quantities of released nickel are influenced by the inclusionary state and the existence of the secondary phases in the steel structure. Another aspect is related to the strong dispersion of results concerning nickel release and corrosion behavior of raw materials.

AVESTA SHEFFIELD SAF 2507

Alloy Digest ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Resistance ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
General Corrosion ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Very High

Abstract Avesta Sheffield SAF 2507 is an austenitic/ferritic duplex stainless steel with very high strength. The alloy has a lower coefficient of thermal expansion and a higher thermal conductivity than austenitic stainless steels. The alloy has a high resistance to pitting, crevice, and general corrosion; it has a very high resistance to chloride stress-corrosion cracking. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, and joining. Filing Code: SS-652. Producer or source: Avesta Sheffield Inc.

Application of Physical Simulation for Developing New Steel Types

2008 ◽  
Vol 575-578 ◽  
pp. 1002-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Pentti Karjalainen ◽  
Mahesh C. Somani ◽  
Atef S. Hamada
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Physical Simulation ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Austenitic Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Modelling Studies ◽  
Electron Microscopes

Processing of a large number of novel steel types, such as DP, TRIP, CP and TWIP, and high-strength low-carbon bainitic and martensitic DQ-T steels, have been developed based on physical simulation and modelling studies. Among stainless steels, guidelines for processing of ultra-fine grained austenitic stainless steels have been created. Physical simulation has been used by employing a Gleeble thermo-mechanical simulator to reveal the phenomena occurring in the hot rolling stage (the flow resistance, recrystallization kinetics and microstructure evolution), and in the cooling stage (CCT diagrams) for carbon steels and in short-term annealing of cold rolled metastable austenitic steels. Connecting these data with microstructures examined in optical and electron microscopes and resultant mechanical properties have improved the understanding on complex phenomena occurring in the processing of these steels and the role of numerous process variables in the optimization of enhanced mechanical properties.

Properties of sintered austenitic stainless steels based on different raw materials

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 747-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Napara-Volgina ◽  
E. V. Venglovskaya ◽  
L. N. Orlova ◽  
L. M. Apininskaya
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels

Anisotropy of nickel release and corrosion in austenitic stainless steels

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 680-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Reclaru ◽  
H. Lüthy ◽  
R. Ziegenhagen ◽  
P.-Y. Eschler ◽  
A. Blatter
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Nickel Release

A TEM/STEM and APFIM study of nitrogen distribution in inert-gas-atomized type 304 stainless steels

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 960-961
Author(s):  
M. Zhou ◽  
T. F. Kelly ◽  
J. E. Flinn
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Strengthening Mechanism ◽  
Austenitic Steels ◽  
Alloying Element ◽  
Atomic Size ◽  
High Toughness ◽  
Mechanical And Physical Properties ◽  
Interstitial Nitrogen ◽  
Type 304

The attraction of austenitic stainless steels lies in the combination of their mechanical and physical properties and corrosion resistance. However, a major disappointment is their relatively low strength. Over the years, continued efforts have been made to try to improve the strength of conventionally processed austenitic steels without sacrificing other properties. Using nitrogen as an alloying element can very effectively increase the strength of austenitic stainless steels while maintaining a high toughness. Improved resistance to intergranular corrosion and longer creep-to-rupture time1 werealso reported among nitrogen-containing austenitic steels. Though there is little doubt that interstitial nitrogen is responsible for the improved mechanical properties, the strengthening mechanism by nitrogen can not be explained successfully in a “conventional sense”, i.e. despite its smaller atomic size, nitrogen was found to increase the yield strength at 4K more than carbon does by a factor of about 2. One reason for the lack of understanding of nitrogen strengthening mechanism is because of thedifficulty of detecting low atomic number elements as well as possible short range order that may exist between interstitial and substitutional atoms.

The Tensile Ductility of Austenitic Steels in Air and Hydrogen

1977 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Capeletti ◽  
M. R. Louthan
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Tensile Ductility ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Empirical Correlation ◽  
Interfacial Stress ◽  
Austenitic Steels ◽  
Steel Strength ◽  
Reduction In Area ◽  
Extensive Plastic Deformation

An empirical correlation of yield strength with reduction-in-area at fracture was demonstrated for austenitic stainless steel. The correlation is consistent with an existing fracture model that involves microvoid nucleation at isolated inclusions. Hydrogen effects on tensile ductility are also consistent with this model, if one assumes that hydrogen is transported by glide dislocations and that localized hydrogen accumulations lower the stress necessary to initiate fracture at particle-matrix interfaces. Smooth-bar tensile specimens of fourteen austenitic stainless steels were tested at room temperature in air, in 69-M Pa He, and in 69-M Pa H2. Macroscopic reductions-in-area at fracture varied between 12 and 82 percent, and yield strengths were between 179 and 1069 MN/m2. The resulting empirical correlation suggests that the ductility of austenitic stainless steels is limited by the interfacial stress required for microvoid nucleation and coalescence. For low strength steels, the required interfacial stress is reached only after extensive plastic deformation. However, as steel strength is increased, fracture occurs at lower strains.

Avoiding Hydrogen Embrittlement Stress Cracking of Ferritic Austenitic Stainless Steels Under Cathodic Protection

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Woollin ◽  
A. Gregori
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Embrittlement ◽  
Cathodic Protection ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Austenitic Steels ◽  
Stress Cracking ◽  
Initiation And Propagation ◽  
Phase Balance ◽  
Large Scale Tests

The paper presents the results of a programme designed to define the material, stress and environmental factors controlling sensitivity of ferritic-austenitic stainless steels to hydrogen embrittlement stress cracking when exposed to cathodic protection. Factors examined in small and large-scale tests include microstructural coarseness, phase balance and hardness of a range of parent steels and welds. The results are presented in terms of threshold strain and normalised stress to develop hydrogen embrittlement stress cracks. The effects of microstructure and applied potential on crack initiation and propagation are described. Recommendations are made with respect to the strain/normalised stress levels for ferritic-austenitic steels under cathodic protection.

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