scholarly journals Characterization of Ethylene–propylene Composites Filled with Perlite and Vermiculite Minerals: Mechanical, Barrier, and Flammability Properties

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bolesław Szadkowski ◽  
Anna Marzec ◽  
Przemysław Rybiński ◽  
Witold Żukowski ◽  
Marian Zaborski
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Considerable Effect ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
Ethylene Propylene ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Reinforcing Fillers ◽  
Uniform Dispersion ◽  
Elastomer Composites ◽  
Mineral Fillers

Perlite and vermiculite are naturally occurring minerals, commonly used by industry to obtain highly thermoisolative and/or non-flammable materials. However, there has been little research into the preparation and application of rubber compounds containing these inexpensive mineral fillers. Here, we show the benefits of perlite and vermiculite minerals as fillers for ethylene-propylene rubber (EPM) composites. To obtain more uniform dispersion and improved compatibility between the minerals and the elastomer matrix, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (AMIMTFSI) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BMIMTFSI) imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) were added. The mineral fillers were found to be attractive semi-reinforcing fillers, which also act as flame retardants in the elastomer composites. Furthermore, a higher content of vermiculite mineral significantly reduced the air permeability of the composites. The incorporation of ionic liquids into the EPM-filled systems had a considerable effect on the torque increment, crosslink density, and more importantly the flammability of the studied compounds. The application of 2.5 parts per hundred parts of rubber (phr) BMIMTFSI, in particular, reduced the flammability of the EPM composite, as the maximum heat release rate (HRRmax) decreased from 189.7 kW/m2 to 170.2 kW/m2.

scholarly journals Task-Specific Ionic Liquids with Lactate Anion Applied to Improve ZnO Dispersibility in the Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Elastomer

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 774
Author(s):  
Anna Sowińska ◽  
Magdalena Maciejewska ◽  
Laina Guo ◽  
Etienne Delebecq
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Carboxyl Groups ◽  
Work Task ◽  
Ethylene Propylene ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Curing Characteristics ◽  
Oxide Particles ◽  
Zinc Oxide Particles ◽  
Elastomer Composites

Task-specific ionic liquids (TSILs) are ionic liquids with structures and, consequently, properties and behaviors designed for particular applications. In this work, task-specific ILs with alkylammonium or benzalkonium cations and carboxyl groups in the form of lactate anions were used to promote the homogeneous dispersion of the curatives in the elastomer matrix. The reaction of carboxyl groups of TSILs with zinc oxide, which acts as a vulcanization activator, was confirmed. This interaction improved the solubility and dispersibility of zinc oxide particles in the ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) monomer matrix, which consequently affected the curing characteristics of rubber compounds. Most importantly, TSILs increased the efficiency of vulcanization by shortening the time, lowering the temperature and increasing the enthalpy of this process, while maintaining safe processing of elastomer composites. EPDM vulcanizates containing TSILs with lactate anion were characterized by satisfactory functional properties.

scholarly journals Ionic Liquids and Calcium Oxide Grafted with Allylmalonic Acid Applied to Support the Peroxide Crosslinking of an Ethylene–Propylene Copolymer

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3260
Author(s):  
Magdalena Maciejewska
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Silica Nanoparticles ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Ethylene Propylene ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Curing Characteristics ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Crosslinking Reactions ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

Nanosized calcium oxide (CaO) featuring a surface grafted with allylmalonic acid (ALA) was used to increase the efficiency of the peroxide crosslinking of an ethylene–propylene copolymer (EPM) filled with silica nanoparticles. In this study, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) with different anions were applied to improve the dispersion of CaO/ALA and silica nanoparticles in the EPM copolymer, as well as to catalyze the interfacial crosslinking reactions. In this article, we discuss the effects of CaO/ALA and ILs on the curing characteristics, vulcanization temperature, crosslink density, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of EPM, as well as the resistance of EPM to weather aging. The CaO/ALA with ILs reduced the vulcanization time of the rubber compounds without a significant effect on the vulcanization temperature. Their application resulted in an increased vulcanizate crosslink density, as well as improved tensile strength compared to the pure peroxide system. The influence of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ILs on EPM vulcanization and performance depends on the anion present in the molecules of the ionic liquid. The most active IL seems to be that with the tetrafluoroborate anion.

Polyisocyanates as Curing Adjuvants for Ethylene—Propylene Terpolymers

1964 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 927-933
Author(s):  
J. R. Wolfee ◽  
J. R. Albin
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
New Method ◽  
Mineral Filler ◽  
High Modulus ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Ethylene Propylene ◽  
Reinforcing Fillers ◽  
Light Color ◽  
Mineral Fillers

Abstract Ethylene—propylene—nonconjugated diene terpolymers yield vulcanizates of high modulus and tensile strength in the presence of strongly reinforcing fillers. In many applications where low cost, light color, or nonconductivity are required, it is necessary to use poorly reinforcing mineral fillers. The combination of poorly reinforcing mineral filler and amorphous EP terpolymer yields vulcanizates which do not have the excellent stress-strain properties characteristic of many black loaded stocks. The purpose of this paper is to present a new method of obtaining superior properties in mineral filled EP terpolymer vulcanizates.

A New Hydrocarbon Elastomer. III. Compounding with Fillers and Plasticizers

1962 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 1142-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Schoenbeck
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Heat Resistance ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
Nitrogen Bases ◽  
Compression Set ◽  
Reinforcing Fillers ◽  
Coated Fabrics ◽  
Low Sulfur ◽  
Mineral Fillers

Abstract Nordel can be compounded with a wide variety of fillers. Reinforcing carbon blacks and silicas are required for maximum physical properties. Non-reinforcing fillers may be added to the compounds to reduce material costs. As with other elastomers, vulcanizates containing mineral fillers have lower states of cure. One of the outstanding characteristics of Nordel is its extendability. Compounds with large amounts of carbon black and oil are easily processed and have good vulcanizate properties. Hot masterbatching in the presence of promoters significantly improves processing safety, modulus, resilience, compression set, and electrical properties of mineral-filled stocks. Petroleum oils, including aromatic types, are excellent plasticizers for Nordel. Those containing low amounts of nitrogen bases and unsaturates, as indicated by the Rostler method of analysis, are preferred especially in low sulfur recipes designed for maximum heat resistance. The properties of Nordel vulcanizates suggest its use in extruded goods, hose, belts, coated fabrics, molded goods, sponge, heels and soles, wire insulation and jacketing, and tires.

Innovative Technologies for the Production of Reinforced Elastomer Composites

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.S. Grishin
Keyword(s):  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Innovative Technologies ◽  
Reinforcing Fillers ◽  
Elastomer Composites

This review is devoted to an analysis of the theory and practice of reinforcement of elastomers, the classification of reinforcing fillers, the structure of reinforced elastomer composites, and innovative technologies for their production.

scholarly journals Optimization of Accelerator Mixing Ratio for EPDM Rubber Grommet to Improve Mountability Using Mixture Design

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (13) ◽  
pp. 2640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young Shin Kim ◽  
Yong Tae Kim ◽  
Euy Sik Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Design Strategy ◽  
Mixture Design ◽  
Vehicle Body ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Epdm Rubber ◽  
Ethylene Propylene ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
The Wire ◽  
Vulcanization Accelerator

A grommet, made of ethylene propylene diene methylene (EPDM) rubber, is an integral part used for fixing and protecting the wire inserted from the outside to the inside of vehicles. Rubber compounds exhibit various mechanical properties and vulcanization characteristics depending on the accelerator mixing ratio. These mechanical properties affect the insertion and detachment forces when the grommet is manufactured and fixed to the vehicle body. In this study, we experimentally analyzed the changes in the properties of EPDM rubber depending on the vulcanization accelerator to improve the mounting performance of the grommet, and subsequently derived the optimum accelerator mixing ratio. We implemented a mixture design strategy to derive the optimum mixing ratio for obtaining the desired mechanical properties and vulcanization characteristics. The insertion and separation forces of the existing grommet were compared with those of the grommet fabricated using the derived mixing ratio and we found that the mounting performance was improved compared to the existing grommet.

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