scholarly journals An Experimental Study of the Frictional Properties of Steel Sheets Using the Drawbead Simulator Test

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trzepiecinski ◽  
Kubit ◽  
Slota ◽  
Fejkiel
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Rolling Direction ◽  
Frictional Resistance ◽  
Friction Reduction ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Sheet Rolling ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lubrication Conditions

This article presents the results of an experimental investigation of the frictional resistance arising in a drawbead during sheet metal forming. The frictional characterization of DC04 deep drawing quality steels commonly used in the automotive industry is carried out using a friction simulator. The effects of some parameters of the friction process on the value of the coefficient of friction have been considered in the experimental investigations. The friction tests have been conducted on different strip specimens, lubrication conditions, heights of drawbead and specimen orientations in relation to the sheet rolling direction. The results of drawbead simulator tests demonstrate the relationship that the value of the coefficient of friction of the test sheets without lubrication is higher than in the case of lubricated sheets. The lubricant reduces the coefficient of friction, but the effectiveness of its reduction depends on the drawbead height and lubrication conditions. Moreover, the effectiveness of the reduction of the coefficient of friction by the lubricant depends on the specimen orientation according to the sheet rolling direction. In the drawbead test, the specimens oriented along the rolling direction demonstrate a higher value of coefficient of friction when compared to the samples cut transverse to the rolling direction. The smaller the width of the specimen, the lower the coefficient of friction observed. The difference in the coefficient of friction for the extreme values of the widths of the specimens was about 0.03–0.05. The use of machine oil reduced the coefficient of friction by 0.02–0.03 over the whole range of drawbead heights. Heavy duty lubricant even reduced the frictional resistances by over 50% compared to dry friction conditions. The effectiveness of friction reduction by machine oil does not exceed 30%.

Theoretical and experimental investigation of non-asbestos friction lining material applied in automotive drum brake

2019 ◽  
Vol 234 (6) ◽  
pp. 972-985
Author(s):  
Dinesh Subhash Shinde ◽  
KN Mistry ◽  
Mukesh Bulsara
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Frictional Resistance ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Surface Phenomenon ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Lining Material ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Brake Lining ◽  
Friction Lining

Automotive brakes are the important machine element which provides an artificial frictional resistance to control the speed of an automobile. In the present work, theoretical models for the coefficient of friction between brake drum and friction liner are generated and simulated using MATLAB Simulink. A test set up designed and manufactured according to the brake lining quality test procedure (SAE J661) is used to investigate tribological properties of a non-asbestos friction lining material having 11 different constituents, which is manufactured from one of the brake liner manufacturer. An experiment is designed using response surface methodology (RSM) with vehicle speed, braking force, and sliding distance as the input parameters, whereas coefficient of friction and wear as an output. It is found that vehicle speed is the most significant parameter among the three. Fade and recovery behavior of the friction lining material is also studied and it is found that the developed friction lining material satisfies the criteria specified in SAE J661. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectoscopy (EDS) have revealed the significant surface phenomenon.

scholarly journals Modelling Anisotropic Phenomena of Friction of Deep-Drawing Quality Steel Sheets Using Artificial Neural Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-42
Author(s):  
Tomasz Trzepieciński ◽  
Hirpa G. Lemu ◽  
Łukasz Chodoła ◽  
Daniel Ficek ◽  
Ireneusz Szczęsny
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Artificial Neural Network ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Multilayer Perceptron ◽  
Deep Drawing ◽  
Sheet Material ◽  
Rolling Direction ◽  
Steel Sheets ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Artificial Neural

Abstract This paper presents a method of determining the coefficient of friction in metal forming using multilayer perceptron based on experimental data obtained from the pin-on-disk tribometer. As test material, deep-drawing quality DC01, DC03 and DC05 steel sheets were used. The experimental results show that the coefficient of friction depends on the measured angle from the rolling direction and corresponds to the surface topography. The number of input variables of the artificial neural network was optimized using genetic algorithms. In this process, surface parameters of the sheet, sheet material parameters, friction conditions and pressure force were used as input parameters to train the artificial neural network. Some of the obtained results have pointed out that genetic algorithm can successfully be applied to optimize the training set. The trained multilayer perceptron predicted the value of the friction coefficient for the DC04 sheet. It was found that the tested steel sheet exhibits anisotropic tribological properties. The highest values of the coefficient of friction under dry friction conditions were registered for sheet DC05, which had the lowest value of the yield stress. Prediction results of coefficient of friction by multilayer perceptron were in qualitative and quantitative agreement with the experimental ones.

scholarly journals Modelling of Friction Phenomena Existed in Drawbead in Sheet Metal Forming

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (19) ◽  
pp. 5887
Author(s):  
Tomasz Trzepieciński ◽  
Andrzej Kubit ◽  
Romuald Fejkiel ◽  
Łukasz Chodoła ◽  
Daniel Ficek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sheet Metal ◽  
Sheet Metal Forming ◽  
Metal Forming ◽  
Rolling Direction ◽  
Back Propagation ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Friction Model ◽  
Friction Reduction ◽  
Training Algorithms ◽  
Sheet Rolling

The article presents the results of friction tests of a 0.8 mm-thick DC04 deep-drawing quality steel sheet. A special friction simulator was used in the tests, reflecting friction conditions occurring while pulling a sheet strip through a drawbead in sheet metal forming. The variable parameters in the experimental tests were as follows: surface roughness of countersamples, lubrication conditions, sample orientation in relation to the sheet rolling direction as well as the sample width and height of the drawbead. Due to many factors that affect the value of the coefficient of friction coefficient, artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used to build and analyse the friction model. Four training algorithms were used to train the ANNs: back propagation, conjugate gradients, quasi-Newton and Levenberg–Marquardt. It was found that for all analysed friction conditions and sheet strip widths, increasing the drawbead height increases the COF value. The chlorine-based Heavy Draw 1150 compound provides a more effective friction reduction compared to a LAN-46 machine oil.

scholarly journals Friction Behavior of Pre-Damaged Wet-Running Multi-Plate Clutches in an Endurance Test

Lubricants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Thomas Schneider ◽  
Katharina Voelkel ◽  
Hermann Pflaum ◽  
Karsten Stahl
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Endurance Test ◽  
Friction Behavior ◽  
Speed Range ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Endurance Tests

Wet-running multi-plate clutches should be prevented from failing due to the often safety-relevant functions they fulfill in the drive train. In addition to long-term damage, spontaneous damage is of particular relevance for failures. This paper focuses on the influence of spontaneous damage on frictional behavior in the later life cycle. The aim of the experimental investigations is to initially cause spontaneous damage in wet-running multi-plate clutches with sintered friction linings. For this purpose, three clutches are first pre-damaged in stage tests with different intensities, so that the first spontaneous damage (local discoloration, sinter transfer) occurs. In the second step, an endurance test is carried out with the pre-damaged clutch packs and a non-pre-damaged reference clutch. The friction behavior of the clutches during the endurance test is compared and evaluated. It shows that local discoloration and sinter transfer are no longer visible after the endurance tests. At the beginning of the endurance test, the values of coefficient of friction are higher over the entire speed range of the heavily pre-damaged clutches than with the slightly pre-damaged clutch and the non-pre-damaged reference clutch. At the end of the endurance test, it can be observed that the greater the pre-damage to the clutches is, the greater the coefficient of friction increases with decreasing sliding speed.

Friction Reduction in the Sliding of an Elastic Half-Space Against a Rigid Surface Due to Incident Rectangular Dilatational Waves

1999 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
George G. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Normal Stress ◽  
Half Space ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Tangential Velocity ◽  
Elastic Half Space ◽  
Body Waves ◽  
Friction Reduction ◽  
Rigid Surface ◽  
Rectangular Wave ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction

The steady sliding of a flat homogeneous and isotropic elastic half-space against a flat rigid surface, under the influence of incident plane dilatational waves, is investigated. The interfacial coefficient of friction is constant with no distinction between static and kinetic friction. It is shown here that the reflection of a harmonic wave under steady sliding consists of a pair of body waves (a plane dilatational wave and a plane shear wave) radiated from the sliding interface. Each wave propagates at a different angle such that the trace velocities along the interface are equal and supersonic. The angles of wave propagation are determined by the angle of the incident wave, by the Poisson’s ratio, and by the coefficient of friction. The amplitude of the incident waves is subject only to the restriction that the perturbations in interface contact pressure and tangential velocity satisfy the inequality constraints for unilateral sliding contact. It is also found that an incident rectangular wave can allow for relative sliding motion of the two bodies with a ratio of remote shear to normal stress which is less than the coefficient of friction. Thus the apparent coefficient of friction is less than the interface coefficient of friction. This reduction in friction is due to periodic stick zones which propagate supersonically along the interface. The influences of the angle, amplitude, and shape of the incident rectangular wave, the interfacial friction coefficient, the sliding speed, and of the remotely applied normal stress, on friction reduction are determined. Under appropriate conditions, the bodies can move tangentially with respect to each other in the absence of an applied shear stress. [S0742-4787(00)00201-0]

XXIII.—On the Cohesion of Steel, and on the Relation between the Yield Points in Tension and in Compression.

1908 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 374-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Gulliver
Keyword(s):  
Mild Steel ◽  
Yield Point ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
External Load ◽  
Frictional Resistance ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Cohesive Force ◽  
Metallic Particles ◽  
Resistance To Deformation ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction

SUMMARY(a) On the assumptions that resistance to deformation is due to simple friction, and that the coefficient of friction is independent of the load, the ratio of the yield point in tension to the yield point in compression, for what is ordinarily known as mild steel, is calculated as 2·384 to 3·384, or as 0·705 to 1. Experimental results so far obtained do not agree well with these figures, the value for the tensile yield point being relatively high, and that for compression relatively low.(b) On the further assumption that a cohesive force acting between the metallic particles gives rise to a frictional resistance which may be added (algebraically) to that due to the effect of the external load, the value of this cohesive force is deduced as equal to 3·384 times the stress which corresponds with the tension yield point, or to 2·384 times that corresponding with the compression yield point. Experimental results from a large number of tests agree very fairly with the calculated figures for the case of tension.

Effect of surface structure, composition and texture on friction under boundary conditions

1952 ◽  
Vol 212 (1111) ◽  
pp. 508-512
Keyword(s):  
Oxide Film ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
Pure Aluminium ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Frictional Behaviour ◽  
Effect Of Surface

The coefficient of friction of surfaces lubricated under boundary conditions may be profoundly affected by such factors as the degree of working of the substrate material, the nature of the oxide film and the degree of roughness of the surface. Experiments are described wherein the frictional behaviour of surfaces of stainless steel specimens prepared in various ways was compared. The worked surface layers in these particular experiments appear to increase the value of the coefficient of friction, but the effect of surface texture is of predominant importance. The effect of different oxide films is best illustrated by reference to pure aluminium, the surface of which has been oxidized under different environmental conditions. The constitution of the oxide film formed is modified with a consequent effect on boundary friction. When the friction of rough and smooth surfaces is compared, the difference in behaviour appears to be qualitative rather than quantitative.

Metallic transfer between sliding metals: an autoradiographic study

1951 ◽  
Vol 208 (1095) ◽  
pp. 455-475 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Photographic Plate ◽  
Frictional Resistance ◽  
Autoradiographic Study ◽  
Lubricant Film ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Boundary Lubricant ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Higher Temperature

This paper describes a study of the friction and metallic transfer between sliding metal surfaces in the absence and in the presence of boundary lubricant films. One surface is made radioactive and is slid over the surface of a second, non-radioactive metal, the amount of metal transferred being detected by the blackening of a photographic plate placed in contact with the second surface. The results show that, in general, the metallic transfer or ‘pick-u p ’, consists of a relatively small number of discrete particles. For unlubricated surfaces the pick-up is about 40 times larger for similar than for dissimilar metals, although the coefficient of friction covers a relatively small range (μ ≈ 0.4 to μ ≈ 1). With well-lubricated surfaces the friction is reduced by a factor of not more than 20 (μ ≈0.05), whilst the ‘pick-u p ’ may be diminished by a factor of 20,000 or more. A simple analysis suggests that under these conditions the welded metallic junctions formed through the lubricant film play a very small part in determining the frictional resistance to motion. Consequently two lubricants possessing widely differing abilities to protect the surfaces may give essentially the same coefficient of friction. The lowest friction and ‘pick-up ’ are observed when the lubricant film is solid. As the temperature is raised a marked increase in friction and ‘pick -u p ’ occurs a t a temperature close to the melting-point of the film. A new observation is that at a somewhat higher temperature a further deterioration in lubricating properties occurs; although the surfaces are visibly covered with lubricant, the frictional behaviour and the metallic transfer are similar to those observed with unlubricated surfaces. These changes are reversible on cooling, and it is suggested that they correspond to changes in state of the lubricant film. The results provide direct support for the view that the friction between metals is due largely to the formation and shearing of metallic junctions, and that the main function of a boundary lubricant is to reduce the amount of metallic interaction. The investigation also shows that the metallic transfer is immensely more sensitive to changes in surface conditions than is the coefficient of friction.

The Design of a Linear “Out of Phase” Vibratory Conveyor

1973 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Schofield ◽  
M. Yousuf
Keyword(s):  
Phase Angle ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Phase Effect ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Drive Belt ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Vibratory Conveyor ◽  
Normal Track

This paper describes the development of a linear “out-of-phase” vibratory conveyor. The “out-of-phase” effect is achieved by controlling the components of motion normal to and parallel to the track independently. This is done by mounting the trough on sets of double “U” shear rubber mountings. From Fig. 1(a) it can be seen that these mountings allow motion in any direction in the plane of the rubber while substantially constraining motion perpendicular to that plane. Excitation of the trough is by two hydraulic pumps the phase angle between which is controlled by a positive drive belt. Experimental investigations into the behavior of single parts were carried out and results comparable to the theoretical predictions for “out-of-phase” were obtained. Substantial increases in the mean conveying velocity of single parts can be achieved without erratic part movement because it is possible with this system to use high values of normal track acceleration An/g combined with low vibration angles. Increases in mean conveying velocity of as much as 270 percent are obtained, depending on the coefficient of friction and vibration angles.

scholarly journals Investigate the Drag Resistance of Antifouling Self-Adhesive Film

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Khor Wei-Hann ◽  
Siow Chee Loon ◽  
Adi Maimun Abdul Malik ◽  
Arifah Ali ◽  
Mohammad Nabil Jainal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Frictional Resistance ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Ansys Fluent ◽  
Adhesive Film ◽  
Ship Model ◽  
Ship Resistance ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Rotor Apparatus

Fouling has always been a common issue for ships as fouling drastically increases the surface roughness and ship resistance. The microfiber self-adhesive antifouling film is claimed to be effective up to 5 years and is environmentally friendly. However, there is lack of information about the drag characteristics of the antifouling material. Thus, this project is conducted based on an experimental study to determine the drag characteristics of the surface installed with microfiber self-adhesive antifouling film. The rotor apparatus is used to study the coefficient of friction of the microfiber surface. From the experimental results, a flat plate simulation using ANSYS-Fluent is conducted to further estimate the coefficient of friction up to Reynolds number of 109 and to evaluate the total ship resistance for the Semi-SWATH (fast vessel) and KVLCC (slow trading ships). The results show that the percentage increase in total ship resistance for the KVLCC is about 80%, which is more than the Semi-SWATH of 30%, as frictional resistance has high significance for slow trading ships. The speed drop experienced by the ship model installed with the microfiber antifouling is 2 knots for the KVLCC and 1 knot for the Semi-SWATH if the power remained the same for both models.

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