scholarly journals Interplay of Phonological, Morphological, and Lexical Variation: Adjectives in Japanese Dialects

Languages ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fukushima
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Japanese Language ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Phonological Variation ◽  
Dialectal Variation ◽  
Lexical Variation ◽  
Lexical Diffusion

This paper examines the interplay of phonological, morphological, and lexical variation focusing on adjectives in Japanese dialects. Previous studies of adjectives in the Niigata dialects of the Japanese language analyzed the ongoing changes in dialectal variation amongst the young generation of Japanese. In this paper, the data derived from the geolinguistic survey and dialect dictionaries are used to verify the estimated changes in phonological, morphological, and lexical variation. The variation of adjectives is examined by classifying forms with regard to the distinction between standard/dialectal forms. The phonological types of adjectives played a role in the interpretation of the phonological variation and change. Most changes of phonological types are phonologically explained but include change by analogy. The lexical variation is intertwined with phonological variation and morphological variation. The morphological distributions which vary according to the conjugation form are one example of lexical diffusion.

scholarly journals Variation in Faroese and the development of a spoken standard: In search of corpus evidence

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remco Knooihuizen
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Linguistic Variation ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Linguistic Variables ◽  
Phonological Variation ◽  
Rapid Social Change ◽  
Variationist Sociolinguistics ◽  
Constrained Variation

Although Faroese exhibits extensive linguistic variation and rapid social change, the language is near-uncharted territory in variationist sociolinguistics. This article discusses some recent social changes in Faroese society in connection with language change, focusing in particular on the development of a de facto spoken standard, Central Faroese. Demographic mobility, media and education may be contributing to this development in different ways. Two linguistic variables are analysed as a first step towards uncovering the respective roles of standardisation, dialect levelling and dialect spread as contributing processes in the formation of Central Faroese: morphological variation in -st endings and phonological variation in -ir and -ur endings. The analysis confirms previously described patterns of geographically constrained variation, but no generational or stylistic differences indicative of language change are found, nor are there clear signs that informants use Central Faroese. The results may in part be due to the structure of the corpus used.

Analysis of the morphological variation of Basque

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gotzon Aurrekoetxea
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Dialectal Variation ◽  
Classical View ◽  
Underlying Representation ◽  
Insertion And Deletion ◽  
Phonetic Representation ◽  
Homogeneous Data ◽  
Phonological Rules

AbstractThe lack of homogeneous data recorded by similar methodologies has been a handicap to the development of more advanced studies on the dialectal variation of Basque. Now that the first five volumes of the Linguistic Atlas of the Basque Language have been published, researchers have access to a great amount of data and the possibility to use more sophisticated procedures to analyze the variation of the Basque language from a geolinguistic point of view.In this contribution, we use data taken from the fifth volume of this atlas, which is devoted to noun morphology. First, these data will be analyzed linguistically, and instead of using the phonetic representation, we will use the phonological or underlying representation. In order to do this, we will analyze the inventory of the morphological suffixes used in nominal inflexion cases and the phonological rules which appear in these cases (mainly assimilation, dissimilation, insertion and deletion), using the classical view of generative phonology.As far as the cartography of the data is concerned, we will use the recently created

Gothic possessives, adjectives, and other modifiers in-ata

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artūras Ratkus
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Diffusion Type ◽  
Inflected Form ◽  
Demonstrative Pronouns ◽  
Lexical Diffusion ◽  
Charged Form

The paradigm of some possessive pronouns, adjectives, and some other modifiers in Gothic contains an instance of morphological variation in the neuter nominative and accusative singular, where the bare stem of the modifier alternates with the pronominally inflected form in-ata(for example,juggversusjuggata‘young’). In an effort to account for this morphological variation, this paper examines the evidence for the competition between the bare stem and inflected forms in-ataattested in the Gothic New Testament. Further, it assesses the synchronic and diachronic implications of the variation with a view to gaining a better understanding of the development of the Germanic strong modifier inflection. It demonstrates that-atais a stylistically charged form observed in specific contexts and grammatical environments. From a diachronic point of view, the evidence of-atasheds light on the development of the Germanic strong modifier inflection, pointing toward a lexical diffusion-type development, with the inflection of demonstrative pronouns spreading across the lexicon of modifiers through possessive pronouns and quantifiers to adjectives and participles.*

scholarly journals Foreword

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-6
Author(s):  
Toshiyuki SADANOBU
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Coming Out ◽  
Communication Theory ◽  
Cultural Theory ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Linguistic Community ◽  
Character Theory ◽  
Japanese Language ◽  
Young Generation

This issue consists of a special report on the Japanese concept of "characters." Since the beginning of this millennium, there has been active discussion of "characters," with a steady stream of publications on the topic in not only linguistics and communication theory, but also in the fields of manga studies, modern thought, psychoanalysis, sociology, literary theory, socio-cultural theory, and media studies. But the content of the "characters" being studied is not uniform, and includes a uniquely Japanese concept of "character" that cannot be translated by the English word "character." Sometimes the word is even spelled "Kyara" in recognition of the fact that this is a concept specific to Japan.In this issue, the authors address the Japanese-born "characters" that are directly related to language and communication. Naturally, there are differences in terms of subtle nuance among the authors, but there are no large discrepancies in their use of the everyday word "character," which has been built up in the course of daily life by general Japanese speakers, especially young people. This everyday word "character" signifies an image of humanity that is not incompatible with the traditional view that "barring some extraordinary circumstance, such as the disintegration of personality, people do not change depending on the situation. What changes is style; people change their style in response to the situation." As it is taboo to overtly violate this traditional view of humanity, nobody will openly admit to "changing depending on the situation." However, on anonymous electronic bulletin boards, young people are secretly coming out about the fact that they have "different characters for school and for their part-time jobs." These are the main kind of "characters" discussed here. This issue gathers together articles that introduce knowledge obtained in Japan regarding "characters," and clarify their relationship with the Japanese language, Japanese communication, and education in both these areas. It also contains articles discussing the potential contributions of "characters" to general research in linguistics and communication, beyond the Japanese-speaking community.Toshiyuki Sadanobu presents one method of organizing the various concepts in Japan that fall under the technical term "character," shows how one type (which was, as mentioned above, created mainly by the young generation) pushes the limits of the traditional view of humanity and the speech-act view, which assumes intention, and discusses the relationship between characters and Japanese communication.Kenji Tomosada describes cases found in regional dialects that parallel Sadanobu's observations on "chara-joshi" in common Japanese. Just as the common Japanese speaker expresses his/her identity by means of "chara-joshi," so too the speaker of Japanese dialects embodies his/her identity with the sentential-final particles wa, wai, and bai. "Chara-joshi" and wa, wai, and bai also look alike in that they occur at the end of a sentence, even after the attitudinal particles.Satoshi Kinsui and Hiroko Yamakido supplement some of the deficiencies of the definition of role language in Kinsui (2003), and redefine role language as knowledge of "a manner of speaking that binds together a social or cultural group" possessed by "the majority of constituents in a linguistic community."Fumiaki Senuma investigates communities of young people in modern Japanese society and developments in his research since then. Among the young generation, individuals are sometimes assigned a specific kyara by others in their peer group, regardless of that individual's intentions.Yukiko Shukuri reports on the status of Japanese language teaching materials related to role language and characters, and describes her research project activities on role language and character in Novosibirsk, Russia.We hope that this issue will stimulate discussions on "character theory" in the worldwide context of Japanese language and culture research.

Word frequency and context of use in the lexical diffusion of phonetically conditioned sound change

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Bybee
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
American English ◽  
Sound Change ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Exemplar Model ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Lexical Variation ◽  
Phonetic Detail ◽  
Lexical Diffusion ◽  
Context Of Use

The literature on frequency effects in lexical diffusion shows that even phonetically gradual changes that in some cases are destined to be lexically regular show lexical diffusion while they are in progress. Change that is both phonetically and lexically gradual presents a serious challenge to theories with phonemic underlying forms. An alternate exemplar model that can account for lexical variation in phonetic detail is outlined here. This model predicts that the frequency with which words are used in the contexts for change will affect how readily the word undergoes a change in progress. This prediction is tested on data from /t, d/ deletion in American English. Finally, the effect of bound morphemes on the diffusion of a sound change is examined. The data suggest that instances of a bound morpheme can affect the rate of change for that morpheme overall.

VARIASI ISOLEK MELAYU DI SUMATERA SELATAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Muhammad Irsan
Keyword(s):  
Dialectal Variation ◽  
Lexical Variation ◽  
Interview Techniques ◽  
Regional Language ◽  
Language Status ◽  
Sound Changes ◽  
The Status ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Correspondence Rules

This study discusses the variation of Malay isolects in South Sumatra dealing with phonological and lexical variation. This sudy used diachronic dialectology approach. The data were gathered by the method of conversation with interview techniques using the questionnaires of Research on Cognates and Mapping of Regional Language in Indonesia.The interview was conducted on informants from 21 villages. The vocabulary evidences are described in the form of sound variations and correspondences as well as the types of sound changes based on the framework as performed by Lehman, Hock, and Crowley. Dialectometry and lexicostatistics were used to determine the status of language and cognates between the isolects. The research findings showed that there were phonological and lexical correspondences in vocals and consonants. Sound variations found in this study were caused by morphophonemic and nasalization processes. Sound changes in the form of metathesis, mergers, epenthesis, aphaeresis, syncope, and apocope were also found along with Van der Tuuk correspondence rules in the form of sound variation r~l, d~l and other variations, such as l~t, h~l, d~n, and h~s. The sound correspondences and variations showed the riches of dialectal variation as a characteristic of Malay isolects in South Sumatra, which derived from the same language, i.e. the Malay. The result of lexicostatistics and dialectometry analysis strengthened the interdialect cognates and the same language status between the isolects.AbstrakPenelitian ini membahas variasi isolek-isolek Melayu di Sumatera Selatan yang mencakupi variasi fonologis dan leksikal. Penelitian ini merupakan kajian dialektologi diakronis. Data diperoleh dengan metode cakap dengan teknik wawancara menggunakan kuesioner Penelitian Kekerabatan dan Pemetaan Bahasa di Indonesia terhadap para informan di 21 daerah pengamatan. Realisasi berian kosakata diuraikan dalam bentuk variasi dan korespondensi bunyi serta jenis-jenis perubahan bunyi berdasarkan kerangka kerja sebagaimana dilakukan oleh Lehman, Hock, dan Crowley. Penghitungan dialektometri dan leksikostatistik digunakan untuk mengetahui status kebahasaan dan hubungan kekerabatanantarisolek-isolek Melayu di Sumatera Selatan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat korespondensi fonologis dan leksikal dalam bentuk vokal maupun konsonan. Variasi bunyi yang ditemukan berupa variasi yang disebabkan oleh proses morfofonemik dan nasalisasi. Perubahan bunyi berupa metatesis, merger, epentesis, aferesis, sinkope, dan apokope juga ditemukan dalam penelitian ini beserta korespondensi bunyi hukum Van der Tuuk dalam bentuk variasi r~l, d~l dan variasi lainnya, yaitu l~t, h~l, d~n, dan h~s. Korespondensi dan variasi bunyi itu menunjukkan kekayaan variasi dialektal sebagai ciri khas isolek-isolek bahasa Melayu di Sumatera Selatan yang berakar dari bahasa yangsama, yaitu bahasa Melayu. Hasil penghitungan leksikostatistik dan dialektometri memperkuat bukti hubungan kekerabatan antardialek dan status kebahasaan yang sama di antara isolek-isolek itu.

The Space of Tuscan Dialectal Variation: A Correlation Study

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 135-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simonetta Montemagni
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Geographic Distance ◽  
Correlation Study ◽  
Linguistic Variation ◽  
Italian Region ◽  
Dialectal Variation ◽  
Lexical Variation ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Correlation Measures ◽  
Representation Scheme

The paper illustrates the results of a correlation study focusing on linguistic variation in an Italian region, Tuscany. By exploiting a multi-level representation scheme of dialectal data, the study analyses attested patterns of phonetic and morpho-lexical variation with the aim of testing the degree of correlation between a) phonetic and morpho-lexical variation, and b) linguistic variation and geographic distance. The correlation analysis was performed by combining two complementary approaches proposed in dialectometric literature, namely by computing both global and place-specific correlation measures and by inspecting their spatial distribution. Achieved results demonstrate that phonetic and morpho-lexical variations in Tuscany seem to follow a different pattern than encountered in previous studies.

scholarly journals Lexical and phonological variation in Russian prepositions

Phonology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tal Linzen ◽  
Sofya Kasyanenko ◽  
Maria Gouskova
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Variation ◽  
Stochastic Variation ◽  
Scaling Factors ◽  
Lexical Variation ◽  
Weighted Constraints ◽  
Corpus Studies ◽  
Phonological Rules

Phonological rules can be variable in two ways: they can apply to a subset of the lexicon (lexical variation), or apply optionally, with a probability that depends on the phonological environment (stochastic variation). These two types of variation are occasionally seen as mutually exclusive. We show that the vowel–zero alternation in Russian prepositions ([s trudom] ‘with difficulty’vs. [sə stinoj] ‘with the wall’) exhibits both types of variation. In two corpus studies and a nonce-word experiment, we document novel stochastic factors that influence the alternation: similarity avoidance, stress position and sonority profile. These constraints interact additively, lending support to a weighted-constraints analysis. In addition to phonologically determined stochastic variation, we find significant lexical variation: phonologically similar nouns differ in the rate at which they condition the alternation in the prepositions. We analyse this pattern by augmenting the weighted-constraints approach with lexical scaling factors.

scholarly journals VARIASI FONOLOGI DAN LEKSIKAL DIALEK MERANGIN DI DESA BUNGOTANJUNG, KAMPUNGLIMO, DAN SUNGAIJERING KECAMATAN PANGKALANJAMBU

Sirok Bastra ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-88
Author(s):  
Rengki Afria ◽  
Mailani Muadzimah Lijawahirinisa
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Family Factors ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Phonological Variation ◽  
Lexical Variation ◽  
Data Source

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan variasi fonologi dan leksikal dialek Merangin di Desa Bungotanjung, Kampunglimo, dan Sungaijering (TP) Kecamatan Pangkalanjambu (DP). Penelitian ini perlu dilakukan untuk mendeskripsikan situasi kebahasaan di DP berdasarkan penghitungan dialektometri. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif kuantitatif-kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui metode cakap, simak, rekam, dan catat. Sumber data berasal dari bahasa Melayu dialek Merangin. Data berupa 200 kosakata Swadesh. Metode analisis data adalah metode padan dan metode dialektometri. Hasil perbandingan titik pengamatan ditemukan variasi fonologi didapatkan 1% (2 varian) pada TP1-TP2, 2% (4 varian) pada TP2-TP3, dan 2,5% (5 varian ) pada TP3-TP1. Sementara, variasi leksikal didapatkan 22 varian atau 11% pada TP1-TP2, 28 varian atau 14% pada TP2-TP3, dan 28 varian atau 14% pada TP3-TP1. Hasil variasi fonologi dan leksikal tersebut menunjukkan status kebahasaan tidak ada perbedaan. Hal tersebut dipengaruhi oleh faktor pertahanan identitas bahasa/dialek, prestise pemakaian bahasa/dialek, faktor kekeluargaan, faktor budaya dan faktor sosial. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini telah mengidentifikasi bahwa isolek Pangkalanjambu merupakan bagian dari bahasa Melayu, dialek Merangin. This study aims to describe the phonological and lexical variations of the Merangin dialect in the villages of Bungotanjung, Kampunglimo, and Sungaijering (TP), Pangkalanjambu District (DP). This research needs to be done to describe the linguistic situation in DP based on dialectometric calculations. The research method uses descriptive quantitative-qualitative methods. Data collection using a method of proficient, consider, and record. The data source is Malay language in Merangin dialect. Data in the form of 200 Swadesh vocabulary’s. Data analysis is matching and dialectometry method. The results of comparison of observation points found phonological variation found 1% (2 variants) on TP1-TP2, 2% (4 variants) on TP2-TP3, and 2.5% (5 variants) on TP3-TP1. Meanwhile, lexical variation found 22 variants or 11% in TP1-TP2, 28 variants or 14% in TP2-TP3, and 28 variants or 14% in TP3-TP1. The results of phonological and lexical variations show that there is no difference in linguistic status. This is influenced by language/dialect identity defense factors, prestige of language/dialect usage, family factors, cultural factors and social factors. Therefore, this study has identified that the Pangkalanjambu isolect is part of the Malay language, Merangin dialect.

scholarly journals KEIGO DAN MUDHA KRAMA : RAGAM HORMAT PADA MASYARAKAT JEPANG DAN JAWA

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-147
Author(s):  
Devita Widyaningtyas Yogyanti ◽  
Mery Kharismawati
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
National Language ◽  
Japanese Language ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Cultural Comparison ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitiatif mengenai perbandingan budaya. Dalam hal ini, bentuk budaya yang dibandingkan adalah ragam bahasa hormat dalam Bahasa Jawa dan Jepang. Penelitian bertujuan untuk membandingkan dan mengetahui peranan ragam hormat dalam generasi muda di Jawa dan Jepang. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa ragam hormat dalam bahasa Jawa dan Jepang terdiri dari beberapa tingkatan bahasa. Tingkatan ragam hormat dalam bahasa Jepang adalah Sonkeigo, Kenjoogo dan Teineigo sedangkan dalam tingkatan ragam hormat dalam bahasa Jawa adalah Mudha Krama yang terbentuk dari Krama Inggil, Krama Andhap dan Krama. Dalam bahasa Jepang ragam hormat direalisasikan menggunakan leksem serta bentuk sintaktis, sedangkan dalam bahasa Jawa direalisasikan dengan leksem dan afiks. Pada perkembangannya bahasa Jawa semakin jarang digunakan di masyarakat Jawa karena fungsi basa krama telah digantikan oleh bahasa nasional, yaitu bahasa Indonesia, sehingga tidak ada kepentingan bagi generasi muda untuk menguasainya. Hal ini berbeda dengan keigo, yang hingga saat ini masih aktif digunakan dan dipelajari generasi muda Jepang yang ingin sukses dalam berkarir dan berkehidupan sosial. Kata kunci :   keigo, mudha krama, ragam hormat, perbandingan  ABSTRACTThis research is qualitative research about cultural comparison. The cultures being compared are Javanese and Japanese language honorific forms. The aims of this research are to compare and examine the roles of honorific form in the Javanese and Japanese young generations. The result shows that honorific forms in Javanese and Japanese consist of language levels. Sonkeigo, Kenjoogo, Teineigo are the variety of honorific forms (Keigo) in Japanese, while in Javanese the variety of honorific forms is indicated by Mudha Krama which has 3 variants, Krama Inggil, krama Andhap, and krama. In Japanese, the honorific style is realized using lexemes and syntactic forms, while in Javanese it is defined by lexemes and affixes. In its development, the Javanese language is become rarely used in Javanese society because the basic manner function has been replaced by the national language (Bahasa Indonesia. So there is no urgency for the young generation to master it. This is different from Keigo, which is actively used and studied by the recent Japanese generation who want to be successful in their careers and social life.Keywords: keigo, mudha krama, honorific form, comparation 

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