Analysis of the morphological variation of Basque

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gotzon Aurrekoetxea
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Dialectal Variation ◽  
Classical View ◽  
Underlying Representation ◽  
Insertion And Deletion ◽  
Phonetic Representation ◽  
Homogeneous Data ◽  
Phonological Rules

AbstractThe lack of homogeneous data recorded by similar methodologies has been a handicap to the development of more advanced studies on the dialectal variation of Basque. Now that the first five volumes of the Linguistic Atlas of the Basque Language have been published, researchers have access to a great amount of data and the possibility to use more sophisticated procedures to analyze the variation of the Basque language from a geolinguistic point of view.In this contribution, we use data taken from the fifth volume of this atlas, which is devoted to noun morphology. First, these data will be analyzed linguistically, and instead of using the phonetic representation, we will use the phonological or underlying representation. In order to do this, we will analyze the inventory of the morphological suffixes used in nominal inflexion cases and the phonological rules which appear in these cases (mainly assimilation, dissimilation, insertion and deletion), using the classical view of generative phonology.As far as the cartography of the data is concerned, we will use the recently created

scholarly journals Morphological variation in Staurastrum rotula (Zygnemaphyceae, Desmidiales) in the deepest natural Brazilian lake: essence or accident?

2014 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
LG. Barbosa ◽  
GJM. Araujo ◽  
FAR. Barbosa ◽  
CEM. Bicudo
Keyword(s):  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Tropical Lakes ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Infraspecific Taxa ◽  
Nutrients Availability ◽  
Taxonomic Point ◽  
Environmental Causes ◽  
Biomass Increase

For many decades, polymorphism and its consequences have only been studied from the taxonomic point of view. Presently, interest has switched to the environmental causes of morphological variation and its consequences in the form and essence of the species. This study aimed at evaluating desmids morphological modifications of Staurastrum rotula Nordstedt during inter-annual succession patterns in two warm monomitic tropical lakes: Dom Helvécio (19°45′- 19°48′45″S, 42°33′45″W) and Carioca (19°45′20″S, 42°37′12″W). The effect of thermal stability and light and nutrients availability was based on samples collected monthly from January 2002 to December 2006 compared the morphological modifications. Results indicated that morphological variation, asexual reproduction, theratological forms, mucilaginous envelope and fungal infection were highest in Lake Dom Helvécio and coincided with the biomass increase of species with complex morphology between September and March (stratification period). The Zmix oscillation, wind and rainfall occurring at the end of the mixing period and beginning of the stratification were suggested as autochthonous and allochthonous disturbance agents, respectively, identified as inducers of asexual reproduction and consequently of the morphological variation. It was suggested that incidence of parasitism may act as a potential controlling agent for the Staurastrum rotula population size. It was concluded that morphological variation represents accidents in the original form, i.e. in the desmid species essence, promoting the existence of ecoforms, not of new infraspecific taxa.

Gothic possessives, adjectives, and other modifiers in-ata

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artūras Ratkus
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Diffusion Type ◽  
Inflected Form ◽  
Demonstrative Pronouns ◽  
Lexical Diffusion ◽  
Charged Form

The paradigm of some possessive pronouns, adjectives, and some other modifiers in Gothic contains an instance of morphological variation in the neuter nominative and accusative singular, where the bare stem of the modifier alternates with the pronominally inflected form in-ata(for example,juggversusjuggata‘young’). In an effort to account for this morphological variation, this paper examines the evidence for the competition between the bare stem and inflected forms in-ataattested in the Gothic New Testament. Further, it assesses the synchronic and diachronic implications of the variation with a view to gaining a better understanding of the development of the Germanic strong modifier inflection. It demonstrates that-atais a stylistically charged form observed in specific contexts and grammatical environments. From a diachronic point of view, the evidence of-atasheds light on the development of the Germanic strong modifier inflection, pointing toward a lexical diffusion-type development, with the inflection of demonstrative pronouns spreading across the lexicon of modifiers through possessive pronouns and quantifiers to adjectives and participles.*

Sound Change, Phonological Rules, and Articulatory Phonology

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
April McMahon ◽  
Paul Foulkes
Keyword(s):  
Sound Change ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Articulatory Phonology ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Segmental Phonology ◽  
Sound Changes ◽  
Historical Developments ◽  
Casual Speech ◽  
Lexical Phonology ◽  
Phonological Rules

Abstract. The gestural model of Articulatory Phonology currently being developed by Browman and Goldstein provides a new way of modelling both synchronic and diachronic phonetic processes as well as certain types of synchronic phonological rules. Although Browman and Goldstein place stringent restrictions on the model, ruling out categorical deletion and insertion of gestures, as well as gestural permutation not resulting from magnitude and timing changes, Articulatory Phonology can nonetheless provide enlightening accounts of various types of sound change, including historical developments which have previously been analysed as segmental insertions and deletions. The application of Articulatory Phonology to sound changes is beneficial in that it allows the formulation of a change to include some account of its motivation from the point of view of the speaker (or indeed, though less straightforwardly, the hearer). We aim to extend Browman and Goldstein's preliminary applications of their model to sound change, by demonstrating that changes which have been analysed as entirely separate developments in a traditional segmental phonology can be seen instead as part of an integrated complex of interrelated changes within Articulatory Phonology. Focussing on the development of non-rhotic varieties of English, we show that the sound changes producing present-day linking [r], which are typically given as three independent developments of Pre-[r] Breaking, Pre-Schwa Laxing, and /r/-Deletion, can be shown to be interdependent and analysed in an explanatory way using the gestural model. However, we argue that not all the synchronic phonological processes to which such sound changes give rise can be analysed in gestural terms, given the current restrictions on Articulatory Phonology. For instance, in present-day English varieties which exhibit intrusive as well as linking [r], and which seem to be best characterised by an [r]-Insertion analysis, synchronic addition of gestures must be permitted. Insertion processes of this sort may initially seem incompatible with Articulatory Phonology, but there is clear motivation to retain the gestural framework, given its ability to model many sound changes, casual speech processes and phonological rules using the same mechanisms. Consequently, we propose that, to account for English [r] and similar cases, the current constraints on Articulatory Phonology must be relaxed to a limited extent at some level of the grammar. We suggest that this might be achieved by integrating the gestural approach into a model of Lexical Phonology.

Generative Grammar (GG)

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-304
Author(s):  
Karim Nazari Bagha
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
Generative Grammar ◽  
Standard Theory ◽  
Semantic Component ◽  
Structure Surface ◽  
Phonetic Representation ◽  
Phonological Rules

This article consists of eight parts: introduction, the organization of a Generative Grammar, operation of the system of base rules, deep structure, surface structure and transformational rules, standard theory, extended standard theory, revised extended standard theory, and minimalism. According to Chomsky, the grammar of a language establishes a relationship between sound and meaning, i.e., between phonetic representation and semantic representation. To discover this grammar is the primary goal of linguistics. One of Chomsky's attempts to accomplish this goal is the standard theory grammar, which has been outlined in the article. We note that the grammar consists of three distinct components: the syntactic component, which consists of a Lexicon and two types of syntactic rules, the Base and the Transformational, the phonological component which consists of phonological rules, and the semantic component, which consists of Semantic rules.

Phonological rules in young children

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
First Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Consonant Clusters ◽  
Phonological Development ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Phonological Rules

ABSTRACTThere are very general phonological processes which appear to operate in one form or another when any child learns a first language. This study attempts to outline and exemplify the most general of these, e.g. the reduction of consonant clusters, the deletion of unstressed syllables. In addition, the study criticizes the point of view that phonological development consists primarily of the child substituting one sound for another. Rather, phonological development reflects very general processes that affect entire classes of sounds. Lastly, the study suggests that identifying general rules can ultimately lead to more insightful information concerning separate strategies that individual children follow.

scholarly journals Differentiation of Modernization Processes in EU Countries and in Poland in Time and Space - Non Classical View

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-120
Author(s):  
Edyta Dworak ◽  
Anna Malarska
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Classical View ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Sectoral Structure ◽  
The Us ◽  
Modernization Process ◽  
Polish Economy ◽  
Sequence Separation

The aim of this paper is a typology of EU-countries from the point of view of their modernization measures, a diagnostics and an evaluation of changes in a sectoral structure of the employment in EU-countries. Against this background there are exposed changes in Polish economy in the period 1997-2008. There were used the multidimensional comparative analysis of the sequence separation of homogenous objects subsets (cluster analysis and quick cluster) and the little known in Poland, but popular in the US, measurement technique of sectoral changes in time – the shift share-technique to illustrate and verify empirically the theory of three sectors by A. Fisher, C. Clark i J. Fourastiè, orientated to the evaluation of the modernization process of EU-economies.

The status of rule reordering

1976 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Hogg
Keyword(s):  
Standard Theory ◽  
Partially Ordered ◽  
Underlying Representation ◽  
Language L ◽  
The Status ◽  
Different Order ◽  
Phonological Rules

Within the standard theory of generative phonology, the phonological component consists of a set of partially ordered rules; where G1 and G2 are synchronic grammars of a given language L at chronologically earlier and chronologically later stages of L respectively, G1 and G2 may differ in at least the following ways: (a) G2 may contain new (phonological) rules ordered later than all rules in G1; (b) G2 may contain new rules ordered before some rules already present in G1 (c) G2 may contain the same rules as G1, but arranged in some different order; (d) G2 may operate upon a different underlying representation from that for G1 (and hence contain, to a greater or lesser degree, quite different rules); (e) some rules present in G1 may no longer be present in G2 (f) some rules o7f G1 may be present only in a modified form in G2.

scholarly journals Interplay of Phonological, Morphological, and Lexical Variation: Adjectives in Japanese Dialects

Languages ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fukushima
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Japanese Language ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Phonological Variation ◽  
Dialectal Variation ◽  
Lexical Variation ◽  
Lexical Diffusion

This paper examines the interplay of phonological, morphological, and lexical variation focusing on adjectives in Japanese dialects. Previous studies of adjectives in the Niigata dialects of the Japanese language analyzed the ongoing changes in dialectal variation amongst the young generation of Japanese. In this paper, the data derived from the geolinguistic survey and dialect dictionaries are used to verify the estimated changes in phonological, morphological, and lexical variation. The variation of adjectives is examined by classifying forms with regard to the distinction between standard/dialectal forms. The phonological types of adjectives played a role in the interpretation of the phonological variation and change. Most changes of phonological types are phonologically explained but include change by analogy. The lexical variation is intertwined with phonological variation and morphological variation. The morphological distributions which vary according to the conjugation form are one example of lexical diffusion.

The Trilateral Process in Cameroon English Phonology

1999 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augustin Simo Bobda ◽  
Beban Sammy Chumbow
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Vowel Reduction ◽  
Surface Observation ◽  
Underlying Representation ◽  
Phonological Rules

With reference to Cameroon English (CamE), this paper proposes another way of analysing non-native English features: differing from the traditional approach which limits itself to surface forms, the paper proposes the tracing of deviations down to the underlying representation (UR) and suggests that RP URs (A) are restructured to autonomous CamE URs (B). While A undergoes RP phonological rules to surface as A', B may fail to undergo these processes; it may also undergo parallel — and quite often divergent — processes and surface as B'. For example, RP UR "s[^]cceed" (A) is restructured to CamE "s[u]cceed" (B). A becomes "s[^]cceed" by Vowel Reduction and B, which does not undergo this process, surfaces unchanged as "s[u]cceed" (B'). This process can be represented on a chart which has three sides: AA', AB and BB'. Hence the name Trilateral Process. It is observed that this model is more illuminating with respect to the dynamics of the differences between native and non-native Englishes than an analysis based solely on surface observation of deviations, for a catalogue of deviations lacks the explanatory insights of a trilateral analysis.

Spirantization in Spanish: The role of the underlying representation

Linguistics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-35
Author(s):  
Sonia Colina
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Optimality Theory ◽  
General Distribution ◽  
Dialectal Variation ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Underlying Representation ◽  
Hispanic Linguistics ◽  
Stress Studies ◽  
Effort Reduction

AbstractSpirantization is one of the most frequently studied phonological phenomena of Spanish (Barlow, Jessica A. 2003. The stop-spirant alternation in Spanish: Converging evidence for a fortition account. Southwest Journal of Linguistics 22. 51–86; Zampini, Mary. 1994. The role of native language transfer and task formality in the acquisition of Spanish spirantization. Hispania 77. 470–481; among others). For a majority of dialects, Spanish voiced plosives have been traditionally described as having a continuant and a non-continuant realization in complementary distribution (Navarro Tomás, Tomás. 1977. Manual de pronunciación española. 19th edn. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Hualde, José Ignacio. 2005. The sounds of Spanish. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press; among others). Yet, phonetic studies reveal a more complex picture consisting of a great deal of phonetic variability and gradience among continuant realizations (Carrasco, Patricio, José Ignacio Hualde and Miquel Simonet. 2012. Dialectal differences in Spanish voiced obstruent allophony: Costa Rican versus Iberian Spanish. Phonetica 69. 149–179; among others; Simonet, Miquel, José Ignacio Hualde and Mariana Nadeu. 2012. Lenition of/d/in spontaneous Spanish and Catalan. Paper presented at INTERSPEECH) which is not captured by existing generative accounts (Bakovic, Eric. 1997. Strong onsets and Spanish fortition. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 23. 21–39; Harris, James W. 1984. La espirantización en castellano y la representación fonológica autosegmental. Estudis Gramaticals 1.149–67; Hualde, José Ignacio. 1989. Procesos consonánticos y estructuras geométricas en español. Lingüística 1.7–44; Kirchner, Robert. 2001. Phonological contrast and articulatory effort. In Linda Lombardi (ed.), Segmental phonology in Optimality Theory, 79–117. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; among others). Furthermore, most analyses focus almost exclusively on the general distribution of spirantization, excluding other dialectal patterns (Amastae, Jon. 1995. Variable spirantization: Constraint weighting in three dialects. Hispanic Linguistics 6(7). 265–285; among others). The current proposal accounts for the phonetic variability and gradience evinced by phonetic studies, as well as dialectal variation in one optimality theoretic-analysis. Spirantization is explained as the result of effort reduction, rather than the result of assimilation (contra Harris, James W. 1984. La espirantización en castellano y la representación fonológica autosegmental. Estudis Gramaticals 1.149–67; Hualde, José Ignacio. 1989. Procesos consonánticos y estructuras geométricas en español. Lingüística 1.7–44, among others). Phonetic variability in the general dialects is argued to be related to the underlying representation: voiced obstruents are underspecified for continuancy both in the input and the output of the phonology, which explains gradience in implementation and responds to the need to avoid the marked configuration represented by a combination of voicing and maximal stricture found in voiced stops (Colina, Sonia. 2016. On onset clusters in Spanish: Voiced obstruent underspecification and /f/. In Rafael A. Núñez Cedeño (ed.), The syllable and stress: Studies in honor of James W. Harris. Boston, MA: Mouton de Gruyter). Dialectal variation stems from differences in the underlying representation and in the ranking of the constraints. The proposal is also able to explain variations on the two major dialectal patterns.

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