Types of Phoneme Change in Bugis, Toraja, and Mandar

This study aims to analyze the types of phoneme sound changes in Bugis, Toraja and Mandarin languages. The research method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method with data and data sources from 6 informants, each of whom masters Bugis, Toraja, and Mandar languages. Data collection techniques in this study used listening techniques, note-taking techniques, and documentation techniques. The data analysis techniques in this study include data display, data reduction, verification, and data inference. The results showed that the types of sound changes in Bugis, Toraja, and Mandarin include lenisi, sound addition, metathesis, and assimilation. Apocope lenisi type is more commonly found in Bugis, Toraja and Mandar languages than syncope. In sound addition, the most common data found were prosthesis data in Bugis and Mandarin. The metathesis type is only found in the comparison of Toraja and Mandarin, and only regressive assimilation types are found in Toraja and Mandarin. From the results of the analysis of the type of sound change, it shows that the Toraja and Mandar languages are closer, compared to the Toraja and Bugis languages.

TAHLIL AL MUFRODATI AL 'ARABIYYATI AL DAKHILATI ILA AL LUGHATI AL URDIYYATI

This study discusses the analysis of Arabic vocabulary into Urdu. Urdu is one of the languages in India and is the official language in Pakistan and Bangladesh. Urdu language with its development is heavily influenced by Arabic because during the Islamic era, its expansion was very rapid in the Indian Subcontinent.The purpose of this study is to: ) Knowing what Arabic vocabulary is used by Urdu in the Google Play Store application ) Knowing the changes in writing Arabic vocabulary into Urdu. ) Knowing the sound changes in Arabic vocabulary into Urdu. ) Knowing the changes in the meaning of Arabic vocabulary into Urdu. The type of research used is qualitative research. It can be concluded from the results of this study: ) There are Arabic vocabulary that goes into Urdu on the Google Play Store application ) There is a change in writing Arabic vocabulary that goes into Urdu ) There is a change in the sound of Arabic vocabulary that goes into Urdu. in urdu ) There is a change in the meaning of arabic vocabulary into urdu.

THE PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS OF SEMIVOWEL INSERTION IN BAHASA INDONESIA

The phonological process shows the changing of sounds and the rules that govern the work. These sound changes can occur in vowels, consonants, and even semivowels. This study focuses on the sound changes that occur in semivowels [y] and [w], especially in Indonesian vocabularies. This study aimed to investigate the quantity of diphthong diversity in Bahasa Indonesia, as the basis for examining the role and patterns of [y] and [w] insertion, as well as when [y] and [w] cannot be inserted into some words in Bahasa Indonesia. This study also emphasizes the location where [y] and [w] are inserted by using a spectrogram. The data collection used the observation method. The list of data was taken from Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) and pronounced by an Indonesian native speaker. The spoken data are transcribed into the phonetic form using the note-taking technique. The analysis was done through the syllabic structural process based on Schane. The results present that [y] is inserted between the diphthongs ia, iu, ie, io, ea, and eo. Then, [w] is inserted between the diphthongs ua, ui, ue, uo, and oa, and the insertion of [y] and [w] does not appear when they meet with the diphthongs ai, au, ae, ao, ei, eu, oi, ou oe. The spectrograms in this study are used to see and present the insertion of [y] and [w].

Consonant Change in Cognates Shared by Indonesian and Palembang Malay

This article describes the phenomena of sound changes, i.e., changes of single segmental sound of consonants, found in cognates shared by Indonesian and Palembang Malay. A list containing 2,535 cognates shared by Indonesian and Palembang Malay becomes the corpus. Since Indonesian is a modern language derived from Standard Malay, it becomes the reference language in the efforts of descriptions. Consonant strengthening, fortition, consonant weakening, lenition, and glottalization become the phenomena found in the consonant changes. Various syllabic structures in which the consonants distributed are also described. The differences of productivity of certain consonant-changes compared to others are found. The productivity shows that, compared to Indonesian, the occurrences of weaker consonants lenis consonants are more productive in Palembang Malay. AbstrakArtikel ini membahas gejala penggantian bunyi, yakni penggantian bunyi-segmental konsonan tunggal, yang didapati dalam kognat atau kata seasal yang dimiliki bersama oleh bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Melayu Palembang. Sebuah daftar yang memuat 2.535 kognat dalam bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Melayu Palembang menjadi korpus. Karena merupakan bahasa modern yang terderivasi dari bahasa Melayu Baku, bahasa Indonesia menjadi bahasa acuan dalam pembahasan. Penguatan konsonan, fortisi, pelemahan konsonan, lenisi, dan glotalisasi menjadi gejala yang didapati dalam penggantian konsonan. Struktur suku kata yang di dalamnya konsonan tersebut di atas terdistribusi juga dibahas. Didapati perbedaan produktivitas gejala penggantian konsonan tertentu dibandingkan dengan gejala yang lain. Produktivitas itu menunjukkan bahwa jika dibandingkan dengan bahasa Indonesia, kehadiran konsonan lemah atau konsonan lenis lebih produktif dalam bahasa Melayu Palembang.

Gairaigo in The Covid-19 Pandemic Era: A Study of Transformational Generative Phonology

Transformational Generative Phonology is a phonological theory that treats the distinguishing feature as the smallest unit and connects the distinguishing features and lexicons with phonological rules. This research has been conducted by several previous researchers, but study regarding the object in the Covid-19 pandemic is still limited. The purpose of this study was to explain the phonological process and phonological rules of foreign loan words into Japanese using transformational generative phonological approach. This study used descriptive qualitative method. Sources of the data were obtained from vocabularies or terms that appeared during the Covid-19 period. The results of this study indicated that there were six phonological rules which include, 1) the addition of the phoneme [u] at the end of words; 2) the addition of the phoneme [o] at the end of the word; 3) Addition of phoneme [u] in the middle of the word, 4) Addition of phoneme [o] in the middle of the word; 5) Addition of phoneme [k] at the end of the word, and; 6) Substitution of phoneme [l] to [r]. So that the implementation of this research was to create a rule to make it easier for foreign learners of Japanese to understand the sound changes that occur in Japanese lingual units.

Beiträge zum Wortschatz des Alten Testaments

Summary The article examines the theory of Manfred Görg, who postulated two Egyptian loanwords in the Old Testament in 2003. By an inclusion of phonetic laws, sound changes and cultural-historical aspects, the theory that Liwyatan (לִוְיַתַן) and Nəhūštān (נְחֻשְׁתָּן) are Egyptian loanwords must be rejected.

The influence of Standard German on the vowels and diphthongs of West Central Bavarian

The spoken accent of children is strongly influenced by those of their peers but how rapidly do they adapt to sound changes in progress? We addressed this issue in an acoustic analysis of child and adult vowels of West Central Bavarian (WCB) that may be subject to an increasing influence by the Standard German (SG) variety. The study was a combination of longitudinal and apparent-time analyses: re-recordings from 20 WCB children in their first, second and third years of primary school at two schools in rural Bavaria were compared with those of 21 WCB adult speakers from the same area. The question was whether the children’s pronunciation diverged from the adults’ pronunciation and increasingly so in their second and third years. Participants produced stressed vowels in isolated mostly trochaic words in which WCB vs. SG differences were expected. Both adult/child and longitudinal changes in the direction of the standard were found in the children’s tendency towards a merger of two open vowels and a collapse of a long/short consonant contrast, neither of which exists in SG. There was some evidence that, unlike the adults, the children were beginning to develop tensity (= tenseness) and rounding contrasts, which occur in SG but not WCB. There were no observed changes to the pattern of opening and closing diphthongs, which differ markedly between the two varieties. The general conclusion is that WCB change is most likely to occur as a consequence of exaggerating phonetic variation that already happens to be in the direction of the standard.

The lateralization of labio-dorsals in Hmongic

This paper provides support for Ratliff’s hypothesis of a highly unusual shift from labio-dorsal to lateral affricates in some Hmongic languages. It proposes that this shift, which results from a series of sound changes, constitutes evidence for positing a ‘Tlowic’ subgroup within Hmongic. In addition, it disproves attempts to use correspondences between Chinese labiovelars and Hmongic lateral affricates in borrowings as evidence to revise Chinese historical phonology.