scholarly journals Context and Opportunities for Expanding Protected Areas in Canada

Land ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Wulder ◽  
Jeffrey Cardille ◽  
Joanne White ◽  
Bronwyn Rayfield
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
First Nations ◽  
Stakeholder Engagement ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Inland Water ◽  
Private Protection ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
High Level ◽  
Multiple Actors

At present, 10.5% of Canada’s land base is under some form of formal protection. Recent developments indicate Canada aims to work towards a target of protecting 17% of its terrestrial and inland water area by 2020. Canada is uniquely positioned globally as one of the few nations that has the capacity to expand the area under its protection. In addition to its formally protected areas, Canada’s remote regions form de facto protected areas that are relatively free from development pressure. Opportunities for expansion of formally protected areas in Canada include official delineation and designation of de facto protected areas and the identification and protection of land to improve connectivity between protected areas (PAs). Furthermore, there are collaborative opportunities for expanding PA through commitments from industry and provincial and territorial land stewards. Other collaborative opportunities include the contributions of First Nations aligning with international examples of Indigenous Protected Areas, or the incorporation and cultivation of private protection programs with documented inclusion in official PA networks. A series of incremental additions from multiple actors may increase the likelihood for achieving area-based targets, and expands stakeholder engagement and representation in Canada’s PA system. Given a generational opportunity and high-level interest in expansion of protected areas in Canada and elsewhere, it is evident that as a diverse number of stakeholders and rights holders collaboratively map current and future land uses onto forest landscapes, science-based conservation targets and spatial prioritizations can inform this process.

scholarly journals Safeguarding Free-Flowing Rivers: The Global Extent of Free-Flowing Rivers in Protected Areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2805
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. Opperman ◽  
Natalie Shahbol ◽  
Jeffrey Maynard ◽  
Günther Grill ◽  
Jonathan Higgins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Freshwater Biodiversity ◽  
Effective Protection ◽  
High Discharge ◽  
Inland Water ◽  
Biodiversity Crisis ◽  
Lower Extent ◽  
Aichi Biodiversity Targets

Approximately one-third of long rivers remain free-flowing, and rivers face a range of ongoing and future threats. In response, there is a heightened call for actions to reverse the freshwater biodiversity crisis, including through formal global targets for protection. The Aichi Biodiversity Targets called for the protection of 17% of inland water areas by 2020. Here, we examine the levels and spatial patterns of protection for a specific type of inland water area—rivers designated as free-flowing. Out of a global total of 11.7 million kilometers of rivers, 1.9 million kilometers (16%) are within protected areas and 10.1 million kilometers are classified as free-flowing, with 1.7 M kilometers of the free-flowing kilometers (17%) within protected areas. Thus, at the global level, the proportion of rivers in protected areas is just below the Aichi Target, and the proportion of free-flowing rivers within protected areas equals that target. However, the extent of protection varies widely across river basins, countries, and continents, and many of these geographic units have a level of protection far lower than the target. Further, high discharge mainstem rivers tend to have lower extent of protection. We conclude by reviewing the limitations of measuring river protection by the proportion of river kilometers within protected areas and describe a range of mechanisms that can provide more effective protection. We also propose a set of recommendations for a more comprehensive quantification of global river protection.

What Can Digitization Do For Formulated Product Innovation and Development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James McDonagh ◽  
William Swope ◽  
Richard L. Anderson ◽  
Michael Johnston ◽  
David J. Bray
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
High Quality Data ◽  
Base Level ◽  
Hybrid Approaches ◽  
Digital Ecosystem ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Chemical Simulation ◽  
High Level ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Digitization offers significant opportunities for the formulated product industry to transform the way it works and develop new methods of business. R&D is one area of operation that is challenging to take advantage of these technologies due to its high level of domain specialisation and creativity but the benefits could be significant. Recent developments of base level technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI)/machine learning (ML), robotics and high performance computing (HPC), to name a few, present disruptive and transformative technologies which could offer new insights, discovery methods and enhanced chemical control when combined in a digital ecosystem of connectivity, distributive services and decentralisation. At the fundamental level, research in these technologies has shown that new physical and chemical insights can be gained, which in turn can augment experimental R&D approaches through physics-based chemical simulation, data driven models and hybrid approaches. In all of these cases, high quality data is required to build and validate models in addition to the skills and expertise to exploit such methods. In this article we give an overview of some of the digital technology demonstrators we have developed for formulated product R&D. We discuss the challenges in building and deploying these demonstrators.<br>

Radiotherapy for Brain Tumors: Current Practice and Future Directions

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 182-195
Author(s):  
Sarah Baker ◽  
Natalie Logie ◽  
Kim Paulson ◽  
Adele Duimering ◽  
Albert Murtha
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Benign Tumors ◽  
Tumor Control ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
High Level

Radiotherapy is an important component of the treatment for primary and metastatic brain tumors. Due to the close proximity of critical structures and normal brain parenchyma, Central Nervous System (CNS) radiotherapy is associated with adverse effects such as neurocognitive deficits, which must be weighed against the benefit of improved tumor control. Advanced radiotherapy technology may help to mitigate toxicity risks, although there is a paucity of high-level evidence to support its use. Recent advances have been made in the treatment for gliomas, meningiomas, benign tumors, and metastases, although outcomes remain poor for many high grade tumors. This review highlights recent developments in CNS radiotherapy, discusses common treatment toxicities, critically reviews advanced radiotherapy technologies, and highlights promising treatment strategies to improve clinical outcomes in the future.

Love in the High Court: Implications for Indigenous Constitutional Recognition

2021 ◽  
pp. 0067205X2110165
Author(s):  
Shireen Morris
Keyword(s):  
First Nations ◽  
Indigenous Identity ◽  
High Court ◽  
The People ◽  
Australian State ◽  
Proposal A ◽  
Policy Suggestions ◽  
New Race ◽  
High Level ◽  
Policy Incentives

This article considers implications of the recent Love decision in the High Court for the debate about Indigenous constitutional recognition and a First Nations constitutional voice. Conceptually, it considers how the differing judgments reconcile the sui generis position of Indigenous peoples under Australian law with the theoretical ideal of equality—concepts which are in tension both in the judicial reasoning and in constitutional recognition debates. It also discusses the judgments’ limited findings on Indigenous sovereignty, demonstrating the extent to which this is predominantly a political question that cannot be adequately resolved by courts. Surviving First Nations sovereignty can best be recognised and peacefully reconciled with Australian state sovereignty through constitutional reform authorised by Parliament and the people. The article then discusses political ramifications. It argues that allegations of judicial activism enlivened by this case, rather than demonstrating the risks of a First Nations voice, in fact illustrate the foresight of the proposal: a First Nations voice was specifically designed to be non-justiciable and therefore intended to address such concerns. Similarly, objections that this case introduced a new, race-based distinction into the Constitution are misplaced. Such race-based distinctions already exist in the Constitution’s text and operation. The article then briefly offers high-level policy suggestions address two practical issues arising from Love. With respect to the three-part test of Indigenous identity, it suggests a First Nations voice should avoid the unjustly onerous burdens of proof that are perpetuated in some of the reasoning in Love. It also proposes policy incentives to encourage Indigenous non-citizens resident in Australia to seek Australian citizenship, helping to prevent threats of deportation that faced Love and Thoms.

scholarly journals Knowledge-driven perceptual organization reshapes information sampling via eye movements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek A. Pedziwiatr ◽  
Elisabeth von dem Hagen ◽  
Christoph Teufel
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Feature Space ◽  
Object Perception ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Object Representations ◽  
Object Knowledge ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Information Sampling ◽  
High Level

Humans constantly move their eyes to explore the environment and obtain information. Competing theories of gaze guidance consider the factors driving eye movements within a dichotomy between low-level visual features and high-level object representations. However, recent developments in object perception indicate a complex and intricate relationship between features and objects. Specifically, image-independent object-knowledge can generate objecthood by dynamically reconfiguring how feature space is carved up by the visual system. Here, we adopt this emerging perspective of object perception, moving away from the simplifying dichotomy between features and objects in explanations of gaze guidance. We recorded eye movements in response to stimuli that appear as meaningless patches on initial viewing but are experienced as coherent objects once relevant object-knowledge has been acquired. We demonstrate that gaze guidance differs substantially depending on whether observers experienced the same stimuli as meaningless patches or organised them into object representations. In particular, fixations on identical images became object-centred, less dispersed, and more consistent across observers once exposed to relevant prior object-knowledge. Observers' gaze behaviour also indicated a shift from exploratory information-sampling to a strategy of extracting information mainly from selected, object-related image areas. These effects were evident from the first fixations on the image. Importantly, however, eye-movements were not fully determined by object representations but were best explained by a simple model that integrates image-computable features and high-level, knowledge-dependent object representations. Overall, the results show how information sampling via eye-movements in humans is guided by a dynamic interaction between image-computable features and knowledge-driven perceptual organisation.

GIS modeling of the territory and water area of protected areas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. V. Omelchuk ◽  
I. V. Kuraieva ◽  
A. O. Splodytel
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Gis Modeling

Improving Stakeholder Communications and IT Engagement

2007 ◽  
pp. 160-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Verley
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Stakeholder Engagement ◽  
Enterprise Architecture ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Stakeholder Involvement ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
It Investments ◽  
Governance Process ◽  
High Level

Stakeholder engagement is critical to applying enterprise architecture (EA) principles and methodologies in order to achieve value from information technology (IT) investments. Stakeholders include the business owners, data owners, developers, and technical infrastructure operational staff. Obtaining stakeholder engagement is a continuous process and is necessary at all levels of the organization. It is also an integral aspect of the governance process for IT investments. This chapter addresses the following topics as they relate to stakeholder engagement:• Obtaining high-level stakeholder involvement in EA governing processes and addressing major challenges in building stakeholder engagement.• Illustrating how stakeholder involvement can lead to consolidation and better management of IT investments.• Identifying vehicles to communicate with EA stakeholders while ensuring the architecture accommodates the style and priorities of the stakeholder community.

scholarly journals Clear, but don’t invest: protected areas discourage some land uses more than others

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 104002
Author(s):  
Allen Blackman ◽  
Laura Villalobos
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Land Uses

scholarly journals Spain and Marine Protected Areas: Recent Developments

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 847-855
Author(s):  
Mariano J. Aznar
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Marine Protected Area ◽  
Natura 2000 ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Barcelona Convention ◽  
Specially Protected Areas

Abstract Spain has just declared a new marine protected area in the Mediterranean. This follows a protective trend taken by Spanish authorities during the last decades and has permitted Spain to honour its international compromises under the Convention on Biological Diversity. It contributes to a framework of protected areas established under conventional regimes such as OSPAR, RAMSAR or EU Natura 2000. The new area protects a ‘cetacean corridor’ and will be inscribed in the list of Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance under the Barcelona Convention regional framework.

Recent Developments of Fracture Mechanics Tools for Nozzle Corners

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnaud Blouin ◽  
Stéphane Chapuliot ◽  
Stéphane Marie ◽  
André Jaubert ◽  
Stephan Courtin
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Mechanics ◽  
Shock Loading ◽  
Recent Effort ◽  
Analytical Scheme ◽  
Evaluation Scheme ◽  
Important Target ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Growth Evaluation ◽  
Large Benefit ◽  
High Level

A recent effort was performed within AREVA-NP in order to develop and validate specific tools dedicated to the Fracture Mechanics Assessment of nozzle and penetration corners. This work is motivated by the need to perform accurate defect assessments for this geometry potentially submitted to a high level of stress. It includes: • The development of a specific compendium for the calculation of the Stress Intensity Factor under various types of loading like internal pressure or cold thermal shocks; • The evaluation of the effect of plasticity through simplified analytical schemes; • The validation through the comparison to existing solutions. One important target of those tools being the Fatigue Crack Growth evaluation under cyclic thermal shock loading situations, a validation of the fully analytical evaluation scheme was performed by a comparison to a complex 3D Finite Element Modelling of a defect propagating at a flange corner. This comparison is presented in the paper and illustrates the large benefit in terms of time and simplicity of the analytical scheme for such evaluation.

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