scholarly journals Alternative Molecular-Based Diagnostic Methods of Plant Pathogenic Fungi Affecting Berry Crops—A Review

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominika Malarczyk ◽  
Jacek Panek ◽  
Magdalena Frąc
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Species Recognition ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Conventional Agriculture ◽  
Organic Cultivation ◽  
Berry Crops ◽  
Harmful Effects

Increasing consumer awareness of potentially harmful pesticides used in conventional agriculture has prompted organic farming to become notably more prevalent in recent decades. Central European countries are some of the most important producers of blueberries, raspberries and strawberries in the world and organic cultivation methods for these fruits have a significant market share. Fungal pathogens are considered to be the most significant threat to organic crops of berries, causing serious economic losses and reducing yields. In order to ameliorate the harmful effects of pathogenic fungi on cultivations, the application of rapid and effective identification methods is essential. At present, various molecular methods are applied for fungal species recognition, such as PCR, qPCR, LAMP and NGS.

scholarly journals Fungal pathogens of the genus Fusarium in winter wheat Triticum aestivum L. protected with fungicides in north-eastern Poland

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Pszczółkowska ◽  
Adam Okorski ◽  
Jacek Olszewski ◽  
Joanna Jarmołkowicz
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Wheat Grain

Various diagnostic methods were used to evaluate the effect of fungicide protection on the prevalence of pathogenic fungi in wheat grain. Winter wheat cv. Nutka and Zyta was grown during a field experiment established in the Production and Experimental Station in Bałcyny in 2006–2007. The experimental factor was chemical crop protection: epoxiconazole, kresoxim-methyl and fenpropimorph applied at growth stages BBCH 33–35 as well as dimoxystrobin and epoxiconazole applied at BBCH 51–53. In this experiment, microscopic observations and conventional PCR assays were used as complementary methods. The quantification of <em>Fusarium</em> <em>poae</em> DNA by qPCR demonstrated the effectiveness of chemical protection against the analyzed fungal species. Lower monthly precipitation levels and higher daily temperatures intensified grain infections, in particular those caused by <em>F</em>. <em>poae</em>. A significant correlation was determined between the number of <em>F</em>. <em>poae</em> cultures isolated from winter wheat grain and the quantity of pathogenic DNA in grain identified by qPCR. Grain infections caused by <em>F</em>.<em> poae</em> lowered yield and thousand seed weight.

scholarly journals Mitotic Recombination and Adaptive Genomic Changes in Human Pathogenic Fungi

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asiya Gusa ◽  
Sue Jinks-Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Genomic Changes ◽  
Break Site ◽  
Repair Mechanisms

Genome rearrangements and ploidy alterations are important for adaptive change in the pathogenic fungal species Candida and Cryptococcus, which propagate primarily through clonal, asexual reproduction. These changes can occur during mitotic growth and lead to enhanced virulence, drug resistance, and persistence in chronic infections. Examples of microevolution during the course of infection were described in both human infections and mouse models. Recent discoveries defining the role of sexual, parasexual, and unisexual cycles in the evolution of these pathogenic fungi further expanded our understanding of the diversity found in and between species. During mitotic growth, damage to DNA in the form of double-strand breaks (DSBs) is repaired, and genome integrity is restored by the homologous recombination and non-homologous end-joining pathways. In addition to faithful repair, these pathways can introduce minor sequence alterations at the break site or lead to more extensive genetic alterations that include loss of heterozygosity, inversions, duplications, deletions, and translocations. In particular, the prevalence of repetitive sequences in fungal genomes provides opportunities for structural rearrangements to be generated by non-allelic (ectopic) recombination. In this review, we describe DSB repair mechanisms and the types of resulting genome alterations that were documented in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The relevance of similar recombination events to stress- and drug-related adaptations and in generating species diversity are discussed for the human fungal pathogens Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans.

ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIAL ANTAGONISTS OF THE DRAGON FRUIT FUNGAL PATHOGEN Neoscytalidium dimidiatum

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
NGUYEN NGOC AN ◽  
HUA HUYNH MINH THAO ◽  
HO NGUYEN HOANG YEN ◽  
NGUYEN THI DIEU HANH ◽  
NGUYEN LE HIEN HOA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Spore ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Neoscytalidium Dimidiatum ◽  
Dragon Fruit

Dragon fruit or pitahaya (Hylocereus spp.) are famous for their nutrient-rich favourable taste, which brings high economic value to subtropical and tropical countries. However, dragon fruit cultivation all over the world is threatened by fungal pathogens and among them, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum has recently been shown to be responsible for stem canker and fruit rot which cause big economic losses. In order to find an environmentally friendly way to control this pathogen, five out of sixty-nine bacterial isolates used in a screening test for antifungal activity were selected. All five strains appeared to be aerobic Gram positive spore forming bacteria suggesting that they all belong to the Bacillus genus. Cell-free culture supernatants of these strains were found to strongly inhibit both fungal spore germination and mycelia growth in vitro for at least 5 days. The strain D19 which possessed the highest antagonistic effect was further identified to be Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, a well-known species shown to have antifungal effect against several other pathogenic fungi. Thus, the results of this study opened a new promising perspective to prevent Neoscytalidium dimidiatum infection during cultivation of dragon fruit.

scholarly journals Remote homology clustering identifies lowly conserved families of effector proteins in plant-pathogenic fungi

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Darcy A. B. Jones ◽  
Paula M. Moolhuijzen ◽  
James K. Hane
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Comparison Method ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Homology Inference ◽  
Developing Area ◽  
Inference Methods

Plant diseases caused by fungal pathogens are typically initiated by molecular interactions between ‘effector’ molecules released by a pathogen and receptor molecules on or within the plant host cell. In many cases these effector-receptor interactions directly determine host resistance or susceptibility. The search for fungal effector proteins is a developing area in fungal-plant pathology, with more than 165 distinct confirmed fungal effector proteins in the public domain. For a small number of these, novel effectors can be rapidly discovered across multiple fungal species through the identification of known effector homologues. However, many have no detectable homology by standard sequence-based search methods. This study employs a novel comparison method (RemEff) that is capable of identifying protein families with greater sensitivity than traditional homology-inference methods, leveraging a growing pool of confirmed fungal effector data to enable the prediction of novel fungal effector candidates by protein family association. Resources relating to the RemEff method and data used in this study are available from https://figshare.com/projects/Effector_protein_remote_homology/87965.

scholarly journals Genetic Response of Common Bean to the Inoculation with Indigenous Fusarium Isolates

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
Alejandra J. Porteous-Álvarez ◽  
Sara Mayo-Prieto ◽  
Samuel Álvarez-García ◽  
Bonifacio Reinoso ◽  
Pedro A. Casquero
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Genetic Response ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Genus Fusarium ◽  
Soil Borne Pathogens ◽  
Biocontrol Activity ◽  
Systemic Responses ◽  
New Strategies

Fungal species from the genus Fusarium are important soil-borne pathogens worldwide, causing significant economic losses in diverse crops. The need to find sustainable solutions against this disease has led to the development of new strategies—for instance, the use of biocontrol agents. In this regard, non-pathogenic Fusarium isolates have demonstrated their ability to help other plants withstand subsequent pathogen attacks. In the present work, several Fusarium isolates were evaluated in climatic chambers to identify those presenting low or non-pathogenic behavior. The inoculation with a low-pathogenic isolate of the fungus did not affect the development of the plant, contrary to the results observed in plants inoculated with pathogenic isolates. The expression of defense-related genes was evaluated and compared between plants inoculated with pathogenic and low-pathogenic Fusarium isolates. Low-pathogenic isolates caused a general downregulation of several plant defense-related genes, while pathogenic ones produced an upregulation of these genes. This kind of response to low-pathogenic fungal isolates has been already described for other plant species and fungal pathogens, being related to enhanced tolerance to later pathogen attacks. The results here presented suggest that low-pathogenic F. oxysporum and F. solani isolates may have potential biocontrol activity against bean pathogens via induced and systemic responses in the plant.

Biodiversity of pathogenic wood fungi isolated from Xylotrechus arvicola (Olivier) galleries in vine shoots

OENO One ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo García Benavides ◽  
Pedro Martin Zamorano ◽  
Carlos Alvar Ocete ◽  
Lara Maistrello ◽  
Rafael Ocete
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Its2 Sequence ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
Grapevine Decline ◽  
La Rioja

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aim</strong>: Grapevine decline caused by wood fungi seriously threatens viticulture worldwide. In Spain, the polyphagous borer <em>Xylotrechus</em> <em>arvicola</em> (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) is becoming a serious pest in different Qualified Designation of Origin (DOC) wine regions. The aim of the present work was to identify the fungal species growing in the galleries excavated by <em>X. arvicola</em> larvae inside the vine branches and investigate the possible relationship between wood pathogenic fungi and this borer.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: Wood samples from branches of Tempranillo vines and <em>Prunus pisardi</em> trees affected by the borer <em>X. arvicola</em> were collected in La Rioja DOC vineyards (Northern Spain) and analyzed for the presence of fungi using both morphological techniques and genetic tools based on Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) sequence. Among the 20 different fungal species/isolates identified, 7 belonged to fungi associated with grapevine decline (esca, Petri disease, and <em>Eutypa</em> dieback), 6 were plant pathogens, 6 were saprophytic and one was entomopathogenic (<em>Beauveria bassiana</em>).</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion</strong>: The fact that 65 % of the fungi detected inside <em>X. arvicola</em> galleries belong to species recognized as plant pathogens suggests that this borer, in addition to causing a progressive decay of the branches, could facilitate the transmission of plant diseases, further threatening the vineyards by spreading grapevine decline pathogens.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: The present work represents a first step in recognizing the association between the fungal pathogens associated with grapevine decline and the borer <em>X. arvicola</em>, suggesting a possible role of this insect as a vector in the transmission of these fungi.</p>

scholarly journals The RAM Network in Pathogenic Fungi

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 708-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Saputo ◽  
Yeissa Chabrier-Rosello ◽  
Francis C. Luca ◽  
Anuj Kumar ◽  
Damian J. Krysan
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Network Function ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Ram Network ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Protein Kinase Signaling

ABSTRACT The r egulation of A ce2 and m orphogenesis (RAM) network is a protein kinase signaling pathway conserved among eukaryotes from yeasts to humans. Among fungi, the RAM network has been most extensively studied in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and has been shown to regulate a range of cellular processes, including daughter cell-specific gene expression, cell cycle regulation, cell separation, mating, polarized growth, maintenance of cell wall integrity, and stress signaling. Increasing numbers of recent studies on the role of the RAM network in pathogenic fungal species have revealed that this network also plays an important role in the biology and pathogenesis of these organisms. In addition to providing a brief overview of the RAM network in S. cerevisiae , we summarize recent developments in the understanding of RAM network function in the human fungal pathogens Candida albicans , Candida glabrata , Cryptococcus neoformans , Aspergillus fumigatus , and Pneumocystis spp.

scholarly journals Year-to-Year Incidence of Cranberry Fruit Rot and Persistence of Fungal Pathogens

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay D. Wells-Hansen ◽  
Patricia S. McManus
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Current Management ◽  
Consistent Basis ◽  
One Year ◽  
Management Recommendations

Cranberry fruit rot is a disease complex comprised of as many as 15 fungal species. Current management recommendations are to spray broad-spectrum fungicides every year in regions such as New Jersey where fruit rot incidence is high on a consistent basis. By contrast, in regions such as Wisconsin, where economic losses from fruit rot occur sporadically, many growers forego fungicide sprays, but if faced with a serious fruit rot outbreak they then spray fungicides intensively the following year to prevent a recurrence of disease. This recommendation is based on the untested assumption that left unchecked, fruit rot incidence will increase and that the predominant fruit rot pathogens will persist from one year to the next. Field studies conducted over 3 years showed that in New Jersey fruit rot incidence increased or remained high and fruit rot pathogens persisted from one year to the next. By contrast, in Wisconsin fruit rot incidence decreased or remained low, and the persistence of pathogens was inconsistent from one year to the next. Thus, in Wisconsin, fruit rot incidence and fungal species present in one year do not reliably predict the disease situation in the following year, a finding that should be considered when planning fungicide spray programs.

scholarly journals Multicopper Oxidases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Human Pathogenic Fungi

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Tanmoy Chakraborty ◽  
Renáta Tóth ◽  
Joshua D. Nosanchuk ◽  
Attila Gácser
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Lignin Degradation ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Multicopper Oxidases ◽  
Fungal Virulence ◽  
Physiological Processes

Multicopper oxidases (MCOs) are produced by microscopic and macroscopic fungal species and are involved in various physiological processes such as morphogenesis, lignin degradation, and defense mechanisms to stress inducing environmental conditions as well as fungal virulence. This review will summarize our current understanding regarding the functions of MCOs present in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in different human fungal pathogens. Of the two main MCO groups, the first group of MCOs is involved in iron homoeostasis and the second includes laccases. This review will also discuss their role in the pathogenesis of human fungal pathogens.

scholarly journals High Reserve in δ-Tocopherol of Peganum harmala Seeds Oil and Antifungal Activity of Oil against Ten Plant Pathogenic Fungi

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (19) ◽  
pp. 4569
Author(s):  
Abdelhamid Hajji ◽  
Fethi Bnejdi ◽  
Mourad Saadoun ◽  
Ibtissem Ben Salem ◽  
Imededdine Nehdi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Seed Oils ◽  
Peganum Harmala ◽  
Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Level

This investigation included the chemical analysis of Peganum harmala (P. harmala) seed oil and its antifungal properties against 10 fungal species. Seed oils of six populations were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The HPLC analysis indicated that P. harmala seed oil exhibited a very high level of tocopherol contents, with values in the range of 2385.66–2722.68 mg/100 g. The most abundant tocopherol isomer was δ-tocopherol (90.39%), followed by γ-tocopherol (8.08%) and α-tocopherol (1.14%). We discovered for the first time the presence of tocotrenols in P. harmala seed oils of the six populations studied. The GC-MS analyses revealed that linoleic acid was the main fatty acid (65.17%), followed by oleic acid (23.12%), palmitic acid (5.36%) and stearic acid (3.08%). We also studied the antifungal activity of seed oil of the Medenine (MD) population on ten fungal pathogens. The antifungal effects differed among pathogens and depended on oil concentrations. Seed oil of the MD population caused a significant decrease in mycelial growth of all fungi tested, with values ranging 31.50–82.11%, except for Alternaria sp., which showed no inhibition. The antifungal activity against the 10 selected fungi can be explained by the richness in tocols of the extracted oil and make P. harmala a promising crop for biological control. Furthermore, the importance of fatty acids and the wide geographic spread in Tunisia of this species make this crop a potential source of renewable energy.

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