scholarly journals Influence of the Nutrients on the Biomass and Pigment Production of Chlorociboria aeruginascens

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Stange ◽  
Susanne Steudler ◽  
Hubertus Delenk ◽  
Anett Werner ◽  
Thomas Walther ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Organic Semiconductors ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Pigment Production ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Green Pigment ◽  
Organic Nitrogen Source ◽  
Complex Organic

The blue-green pigment xylindein, produced by the soft rot fungus Chlorociboria aeruginascens, is of considerable interest for various applications such as the veneer industry or organic semiconductors. The studies presented were performed in order to understand the fungal growth as well as the pigment production of C. aeruginascens. Therefore, various nutrient compositions were investigated. As a result, observations of the formation of xylindein through C. aeruginascens decoupling from growth were made. In the primary metabolism the uncolored biomass is formed. Various carbohydrates were determined as nutrients for the fungus and as a nitrogen source it was observed that the fungus prefers the complex organic nitrogen source, that being yeast extract. Furthermore, it was discovered that the ratio between carbohydrate and nitrogen sources encourages the switch of the metabolism and therewith the production of the blue-green pigment xylindein.

scholarly journals Influence of Environmental Growth Factors on the Biomass and Pigment Production of Chlorociboria aeruginascens

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Stange ◽  
Susanne Steudler ◽  
Hubertus Delenk ◽  
Anett Werner ◽  
Thomas Walther ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Organic Semiconductors ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Pigment Production ◽  
Biomass Growth ◽  
Oxygen Level ◽  
Green Pigment

The soft rot fungus Chlorociboria aeruginascens produces a blue–green pigment xylindein, which is of considerable interest for various applications such as in the veneer industry or in organic semiconductors. To understand the fungal growth as well as pigment production of C. aeruginascens, several studies were performed, the results of which are presented here. These studies investigated various growth conditions such as temperature, pH value, oxygen level and light intensity. It was observed that the formation of xylindein by C. aeruginascens decoupled from growth. In the primary metabolismus, the uncolored biomass is formed. Pigment production took place within the secondary metabolism, while biomass growth as well as pigment production depended on various growth conditions. It was also found that certain conditions encourage the switch in metabolism, leading to pigment production.

OPTIMIZATION OF BIOVANILLIN PRODUCTION OF LEMONGRASS LEAVES HYDROLYSATES THROUGH PHANEROCHAETE CHRYSOSPORIUM

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (31) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huszalina Hussin ◽  
Madihah Md Salleh ◽  
Chong Chun Siong ◽  
Muhammad Abu Naser ◽  
Suraini Abd- Aziz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ferulic Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Phanerochaete Chrysosporium ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Molar Yield ◽  
Primary Screening ◽  
Organic Nitrogen Source ◽  
Inorganic And Organic Nitrogen

The recent study has demonstrated the effects of different nitrogen sources on vanillin production by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Primary screening supported maximum biotransformation of ferulic acid (from lemongrass leaves hydrolysate) to vanillin by using ammonium chloride and yeast extract as inorganic and organic nitrogen source, respectively. With the 2-level factorial analysis, the optimum conditions of vanillin production from ferulic acid by P. chrysosporium was achieved at 0.192g/L with a molar yield of 24.5%.

Growth, nutrition, and proteolytic activity of the sap-staining fungus Ophiostoma piceae

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 1224-1230 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. Abraham ◽  
A. Roth ◽  
J. N. Saddler ◽  
C. Breuil
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Proteolytic Activity ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Soluble Starch ◽  
Minimal Growth ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen Source ◽  
Ophiostoma Piceae

The sap-staining ascomycete Ophiostoma piceae strain 387N used ammonium, but not nitrate, as an inorganic nitrogen source. Organic nitrogen sources assimilated included bovine serum albumin, collagen, acid-hydrolyzed casein, urea, and various amino acids. Sucrose, glucose, maltose, raffinose, and soluble starch were suitable carbon sources. The optimum temperature for growth was near 23 °C, with an upper limit at 35 °C and minimal growth at 4 °C after 3 days. An initial pH of 6.1 yielded the greatest biomass. Proteolytic activity was greatest in cultures supplemented with protein as the nitrogen source, but some activity was detected in cultures with no assimilable source of nitrogen. Proteinases were detected throughout growth in protein-supplemented liquid media, and they appeared to hydrolyze azocoll, with optimal activity at pH 8. Isoelectric focusing gels of culture filtrates, obtained after fungal growth on protein supplemented media, showed a major proteolytic band focusing at pH 5.2. Key words: staining fungi, Ophiostoma, nutrition, biomass, proteinases.

Growth of filamentous marine fungi in a continuous culture system

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 893-899 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Churchland ◽  
M. McClaren
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Culture ◽  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Batch Culture ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Marine Fungi ◽  
Continuous System ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Organic Nitrogen Source ◽  
Continuous Culture System

A continuous culture system has been designed for the cultivation of certain species of marine fungi. Growth in this apparatus was compared with growth in batch culture. Growth of the three marine species tested (Zalerion maritimum, Humicola alopallonella, and Monodictys pelagica) was significantly higher in continuous culture than in batch culture.Growth of two isolates of Z. maritimum was compared on three inorganic nitrogen sources and one organic nitrogen source. Growth of the fungus in the continuous system differed both qualitatively and quantitatively from that in batch culture. Both isolates showed greater growth on the organic nitrogen source in the closed system. In the continuous system, growth was equivalent on all nitrogen sources.

scholarly journals Initial Metabolic Step of a Novel Ethanolamine Utilization Pathway and Its Regulation in Streptomyces coelicolor M145

mBio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergii Krysenko ◽  
Arne Matthews ◽  
Nicole Okoniewski ◽  
Andreas Kulik ◽  
Melis G. Girbas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Streptomyces Coelicolor ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Transcriptional Analysis ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Utilization Pathway

ABSTRACT Streptomyces coelicolor is a Gram-positive soil bacterium with a high metabolic and adaptive potential that is able to utilize a variety of nitrogen sources. However, little is known about the utilization of the alternative nitrogen source ethanolamine. Our study revealed that S. coelicolor can utilize ethanolamine as a sole nitrogen or carbon (N/C) source, although it grows poorly on this nitrogen source due to the absence of a specific ethanolamine permease. Heterologous expression of a putative ethanolamine permease (SPRI_5940) from Streptomycespristinaespiralis positively influenced the biomass accumulation of the overexpression strain grown in defined medium with ethanolamine. In this study, we demonstrated that a glutamine synthetase-like protein, GlnA4 (SCO1613), is involved in the initial metabolic step of a novel ethanolamine utilization pathway in S. coelicolor M145. GlnA4 acts as a gamma-glutamylethanolamide synthetase. Transcriptional analysis revealed that expression of glnA4 was induced by ethanolamine and repressed in the presence of ammonium. Regulation of glnA4 is governed by the transcriptional repressor EpuRI (SCO1614). The ΔglnA4 mutant strain was unable to grow on defined liquid Evans medium supplemented with ethanolamine. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis demonstrated that strain ΔglnA4 is unable to utilize ethanolamine. GlnA4-catalyzed glutamylation of ethanolamine was confirmed in an enzymatic in vitro assay, and the GlnA4 reaction product, gamma-glutamylethanolamide, was detected by HPLC/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS). In this work, the first step of ethanolamine utilization in S. coelicolor M145 was elucidated, and a putative ethanolamine utilization pathway was deduced based on the sequence similarity and genomic localization of homologous genes. IMPORTANCE Until now, knowledge of the utilization of ethanolamine in Streptomyces was limited. Our work represents the first attempt to reveal a novel ethanolamine utilization pathway in the actinobacterial model organism S. coelicolor through the characterization of the key enzyme gamma-glutamylethanolamide synthetase GlnA4, which is absolutely required for growth in the presence of ethanolamine. The novel ethanolamine utilization pathway is dissimilar to the currently known ethanolamine utilization pathway, which occurs in metabolome. The novel ethanolamine utilization pathway does not result in the production of toxic by-products (such as acetaldehyde); thus, it is not encapsulated. We believe that this contribution is a milestone in understanding the ecology of Streptomyces and the utilization of alternative nitrogen sources. Our report provides new insight into bacterial primary metabolism, which remains complex and partially unexplored.

Ammonium supply induces differential metabolic adaptative responses in tomato according to leaf phenological stage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Théo Poucet ◽  
María Begoña González-Moro ◽  
Cécile Cabasson ◽  
Bertrand Beauvoit ◽  
Yves Gibon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Biomass Composition ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Phenological Stage ◽  
Ammonium Nutrition

Abstract Nitrate (NO3  -) and ammonium (NH4  +) are the main inorganic nitrogen sources available to plants. However, exclusive ammonium nutrition may lead to a stress situation characterized by growth inhibition, generally associated with a profound metabolic reprogramming. In this work, we aimed at studying how the metabolism adapts according to leaf position in the vertical axis of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. M82) plants grown with NH4  +, NO3  - or NH4NO3 supply. To do so, we dissected leaf biomass composition and metabolism through an integrative analysis of metabolites, ions and enzyme activities. Under ammonium nutrition, carbon and nitrogen metabolism was more perturbed in mature leaves than in young ones, overall suggesting a trade-off between NH4  + accumulation and assimilation to preserve young leaves from ammonium stress. Moreover, NH4  +-fed plants exhibited a rearrangement of carbon partitioning, accumulating sugars and starch at the expense of organic acids, with respect to plants supplied with NO3  -. We explain such reallocation by the action of the biochemical pH-stat to compensate the differential proton production that depends on the nitrogen source provided. This work also underlines that the regulation of leaf primary metabolism is dependent on both the leaf phenological stage and the nitrogen source provided.

scholarly journals Pigment Production of Monascus sp. Isolated from Angkak in Semarang Region, Central Java, Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Endang Kusdiyantini ◽  
Soni Nugraha ◽  
Arina Lunggani
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pigment Production ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Red Yeast Rice ◽  
Red Pigment ◽  
Potato Dextrose Broth

Angkak (red fungi rice, red yeast rice) is a traditional fermentation by fungi Monascus in a lot of Asia Countries, which is useful as a natural food colorant.  The aim of this research was to obtain pure isolate of red fungus from angkak in Semarang. The growth and the red pigment production of the selected isolate in the different initial medium pH and nitrogen sources were observed. The treatment was done by growing the isolate in PDB (Potato Dextrose Broth) medium at initial pH 3, 5, 7 and 9 and as well as optimization of nitrogen sources with 1% ammonium chloride, 1% ammonium nitrate, and 1% peptone. Analysis of the fungi growth was performed by weighing mycelia biomass using dry weight method and the red pigments were analysis using spectrophotometer at a wavelength (λmax) of 500 nm. The results showed that the highest absorbance value of pigment (0.81) was obtained at pH 7, and the highest value of the cell dry weight was also obtained at pH 7 (1.23 g/L). The results showed that 1% ammonium chloride was the best nitrogen source for absorbance of red pigment production (0.82), but the highest of dry weight (2.56 g/L) was obtained by using medium with 1% ammonium nitrate as a nitrogen source.

Hydroxylamines as One-Atom Nitrogen Sources for Metal-Catalyzed Cycloadditions

Synthesis ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinjun Luan ◽  
Jingxun Yu
Keyword(s):  
Transition Metal ◽  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Nucleophilic Reagent ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Indole Derivatives ◽  
Electrophilic Amination ◽  
Intramolecular Cycloaddition ◽  
Transition Metal Catalyzed ◽  
Metal Catalyzed

AbstractTransition-metal-catalyzed C–N bond formation is one of the most important pathways to synthesize N-heterocycles. Hydroxylamines can be transformed into a nucleophilic reagent to react with a carbon cation or coordinate with a transition metal; it can also become an electrophilic nitrogen source to react with arenes, alkenes, and alkynes. In this short review, the progress made on transition-metal-catalyzed cycloadditions with hydroxylamines as a nitrogen source is summarized.1 Introduction2 Cycloaddition To Form Aziridine Derivatives2.1 Intramolecular Cycloaddition To Form Aziridine Derivatives2.2 Intermolecular Cycloaddition To Form Aziridine Derivatives3 Cycloaddition To Form Indole Derivatives4 Cycloaddition To Form Other N-Heterocycles4.1 Aza-Heck-Type Amination Reactions4.2 Nitrene Insertion Amination Reactions4.3 Intramolecular Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Amination Reactions5 Conclusion and Outlook

scholarly journals Studies on the Role of the are a Gene in the Regulation of Nitrogen Catabolism in Aspergillus nidulans

1975 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 301 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Hynes
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Aspergillus Nidulans ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Selection Methods ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Dominance Relationships ◽  
Regulatory Circuits ◽  
Specific Activities

Mutants of Apergillus nidulanswith lesions in a gene, areA (formerly called amdT), have been isolated by a variety of different selection methods. The areA mutants show a range of pleiotropic growth responses to a number of compounds as sole nitrogen sources, but are normal in utilization of carbon sources. The levels of two amidase enzymes as well as urease have been investigated in the mutants and have been shown to be affected by this gene. Most of the areA mutants have much lower amidase-specific activities when grown in ammonium-containing medium, compared with mycelium incubated in medium la9king a nitrogen source. Some of the areA. mutants do not show derepression of urease upon relief of ammonium repression. The dominance relationships of areA alleles have been investigated in� heterozygous diploids, and these studies lend support to the proposal that areA codes for a positively acting regulatory product. One of the new areA alleles is partially dominant to areA + and areA102. This may be a result of negative complementation or indicate that areA has an additional negative reiuIatory function. Investigation.of various amdR; areA double mutants has led to the conclusion that amdR and areA participate in independent regulatory circuits in the control of acetamide utilizatiol1. Studies on an amdRc; areA.double mutant indicate that areA is involved in derepression of acetamidase upon relief of ammo.nium repression.

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