scholarly journals Proposed Inland Oil Tanker Design in Bangladesh Focusing CO2 Emission Reduction Based on Revised EEDI Parameters

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 658
Author(s):  
S. M. Rashidul Hasan ◽  
Md. Mashud Karim
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Co2 Emission Reduction ◽  
Inland Waterways ◽  
Water Effects ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Energy Efficiency Design Index ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Oil Tankers

Though inland ships account for a small portion of the total global CO2 emissions from shipping, from the individual country’s economic and environmental perspective, this is very important. To reduce CO2 emissions from sea-going ships by increasing energy efficiency, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted a generalized Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) in 2011. However, due to the variation in environmental, geographic and economic conditions, a generalized EEDI cannot be established in a similar fashion to that established by IMO. Shallow and restricted water effects, different fuel qualities (to reduce operational cost), increase in engine power requirements, reduction in carrying capacity, cargo availability, etc. make the EEDI by IMO inadequate for inland waterways. Therefore, an EEDI formulation based on revised parameters has been proposed for the inland ships in Bangladesh. This paper focuses on the possibility of CO2 emissions reduction from inland oil tankers in Bangladesh by implementing the revised EEDI formulation (henceforth denoted as EEDIINLAND). A sensitivity analysis was performed for the different ship design parameters of those oil tankers. Based on the analysis, suggestions were made on how to design inland oil tankers in Bangladesh using the revised EEDI formulation for reducing CO2 from the current level without any major cost involvement. Keeping the same speed and capacity, the vessels were redesigned based on those suggestions. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of those redesigned vessels using ‘Shipflow’ showed a reduction in CO2 emissions through increasing EEDIINLAND by 7.54–13.65%.

scholarly journals Analysis of the effects of CO2 emissions sourced by commercial marine fleet by using energy efficiency design index

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (Suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 187-197
Author(s):  
Kadir Mersin ◽  
Irsad Bayirhan ◽  
Cem Gazioglu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Co2 Emission Reduction ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Fuel Savings ◽  
Slow Steaming ◽  
Reduction Activity ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Energy Efficiency Design Index

Environmentally friendly compared to other modes of transport, is still responsi?ble for 1 billionns of CO2 emissions per year and 2.7% of total global emissions, although it has the lowest CO2 emissions per mile. In order to keep the world?s sur?face temperature below the critical +2 ?C, International Maritime Organization works with alternative methods especially in the energy efficiency design index, to increase the productivity depending on the type and operation of the ship to reduce current CO2 emissions each tonne per mile basis. More energy-efficient vessels are necessary due to the increasing volume of maritime trade in parallel to meet the growing energy demands and reduce total CO2 emissions. Measures to reduce CO2 emissions also increase efficiency and fuel-savings. The most significant parameter of fuel economy is the speed of the ship. Sensitivity analysis was used to determine the ecological speed limits of vessels in terms of minimum commercial profitability by a gradual reduction in operating speeds. Consequently a solution methodology for the effects of slow steaming to the global environment is presented as a CO2 emission reduction activity under the systematic analysis of human thought.

scholarly journals Analysis of the effects of CO2 emissions sourced by commercial marine fleet by using energy efficiency design index

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (Suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 187-197
Author(s):  
Kadir Mersin ◽  
Irsad Bayirhan ◽  
Cem Gazioglu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Co2 Emission Reduction ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Fuel Savings ◽  
Slow Steaming ◽  
Reduction Activity ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Energy Efficiency Design Index

Environmentally friendly compared to other modes of transport, is still responsi?ble for 1 billionns of CO2 emissions per year and 2.7% of total global emissions, although it has the lowest CO2 emissions per mile. In order to keep the world?s sur?face temperature below the critical +2 ?C, International Maritime Organization works with alternative methods especially in the energy efficiency design index, to increase the productivity depending on the type and operation of the ship to reduce current CO2 emissions each tonne per mile basis. More energy-efficient vessels are necessary due to the increasing volume of maritime trade in parallel to meet the growing energy demands and reduce total CO2 emissions. Measures to reduce CO2 emissions also increase efficiency and fuel-savings. The most significant parameter of fuel economy is the speed of the ship. Sensitivity analysis was used to determine the ecological speed limits of vessels in terms of minimum commercial profitability by a gradual reduction in operating speeds. Consequently a solution methodology for the effects of slow steaming to the global environment is presented as a CO2 emission reduction activity under the systematic analysis of human thought.

Revised energy efficiency design index parameters for inland cargo ships of Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 234 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
SM Rashidul Hasan ◽  
Md Mashud Karim
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Real Data ◽  
International Maritime Organization ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Speed Increase ◽  
Water Effects ◽  
Will Force ◽  
Energy Efficiency Design Index ◽  
The One ◽  
Index Curve

A generalized CO2 emission benchmark (energy efficiency design index) cannot be established for inland ships in a similar fashion like the one established by International Maritime Organization for seagoing vessels. Difference in environmental, geographical and economic conditions, for example, shallow and restricted water effects, different fuel quality (to reduce operational cost), reduction in speed, increase in engine power, reduction in carrying capacity and cargo availability, forbids the direct use of energy efficiency design index as formulated by International Maritime Organization. These conditions have been addressed at first in this research, and revision of some parameters is presented for calculating energy efficiency design index for inland cargo ships of Bangladesh. Moreover, the ship data stored at different organizations of Bangladesh deviate from the existing ship data. As a result, the collected data have undergone through several verification processes. Based on the verified real data, CO2 emission benchmark for inland cargo ships of Bangladesh was established. This benchmark is one of the world’s first CO2 emission benchmark for inland cargo shipping. This benchmark will force ship designers of Bangladesh to design more energy efficient ships that will consume less energy per ton-mile. It is interesting to note that the energy efficiency design index curve for inland cargo ships using revised energy efficiency design index parameters is below the energy efficiency design index curve using International Maritime Organization formulation. The prime reasons behind this fact have also been explained in this research.

scholarly journals REVIEW OF ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE HEAT RECOVERY TECHNOLOGIES APPLICATION FOR MARINE DIESEL ENGINES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas Čepaitis ◽  
Sergejus Lebedevas
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Organic Rankine Cycle ◽  
Rankine Cycle ◽  
Short Review ◽  
International Maritime Organization ◽  
Maritime Transport ◽  
International Shipping ◽  
Energy Efficiency Design Index

CO2 emissions from international shipping could increase between 50-250% by 2050 year. The EEDI (Energy Efficiency Design Index) is a key requirement for regulating CO2 emissions of maritime transport; a requirement was introduced in 2011 by the International Maritime Organization and came into force gradually. In recent studies it was investigated that no other technologies has the potential and reserves compared to Cogeneration systems. The article provides a short review of ship energy efficiency design index improving technologies and cogeneration systems application for maritime transport. A brief comparative analysis of cogeneration cycles is provided also. CO2 emissions from international shipping could increase between 50–250% by 2050 year. The EEDI (Energy Efficiency Design Index) is a key requirement for regulating CO2 emissions of maritime transport; a requirement was introduced in 2011 by the International Maritime Organization and came into force gradually. In recent studies it was investigated that no other technologies have the potential and reserves compared to Cogeneration systems. The article provides a short review of ship energy efficiency design index improving technologies and cogeneration systems application for maritime transport which have direct relation with CO2 emissions. A brief comparative analysis of cogeneration cycles is provided also.

scholarly journals Optimization of the Emissions Profile of a Marine Propulsion System Using a Shaft Generator with Optimum Tracking-Based Control Scheme

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel R. Perez ◽  
Carlos A. Reusser
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Propulsion System ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Propulsion Systems ◽  
Marine Propulsion ◽  
Diesel Cycle ◽  
Energy Efficiency Design Index ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Nowadays, marine propulsion systems based on thermal machines that operate under the diesel cycle have positioned themselves as one of the main options for this type of applications. The main comparative advantages of diesel engines, compared to other propulsion systems based on thermal cycle engines, are the low specific fuel consumption of residual fuels, and their higher thermal efficiency. However, its main disadvantage lies in the emissions produced by the combustion of the residual fuels, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur oxide (SOx), and nitrogen oxide (NOx). These emissions are directly related to the operating conditions of the propulsion system. Over the last decade, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has adopted a series of regulations to reduce CO2 emissions based on the introduction of an Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) and an Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI). In this context, adding a Shaft Generator (SG) to the propulsion system favoring lower EEDI and EEOI values. The present work proposes a selective control system and optimization scheme that allows operating the shaft generator in Power Take Off (PTO) or Power Take In (PTI) mode, ensuring that the main engine operates, always, at the optimum fuel efficiency point, thus ensuring minimum CO2 emissions.

scholarly journals Sustainability Investigation of Vehicles’ CO2 Emission in Hungary

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8237
Author(s):  
István Árpád ◽  
Judit T. Kiss ◽  
Gábor Bellér ◽  
Dénes Kocsis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
The European Union ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Technology System ◽  
Low Co2

The regulation of vehicular CO2 emissions determines the permissible emissions of vehicles in units of g CO2/km. However, these values only partially provide adequate information because they characterize only the vehicle but not the emission of the associated energy supply technology system. The energy needed for the motion of vehicles is generated in several ways by the energy industry, depending on how the vehicles are driven. These methods of energy generation consist of different series of energy source conversions, where the last technological step is the vehicle itself, and the result is the motion. In addition, sustainability characterization of vehicles cannot be determined by the vehicle’s CO2 emissions alone because it is a more complex notion. The new approach investigates the entire energy technology system associated with the generation of motion, which of course includes the vehicle. The total CO2 emissions and the resulting energy efficiency have been determined. For this, it was necessary to systematize (collect) the energy supply technology lines of the vehicles. The emission results are not given in g CO2/km but in g CO2/J, which is defined in the paper. This new method is complementary to the European Union regulative one, but it allows more complex evaluations of sustainability. The calculations were performed based on Hungarian data. Finally, using the resulting energy efficiency values, the emission results were evaluated by constructing a sustainability matrix similar to the risk matrix. If only the vehicle is investigated, low CO2 emissions can be achieved with vehicles using internal combustion engines. However, taking into consideration present technologies, in terms of sustainability, the spread of electric-only vehicles using renewable energies can result in improvement in the future. This proposal was supported by the combined analysis of the energy-specific CO2 emissions and the energy efficiency of vehicles with different power-driven systems.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Sustainable Energy Development Progress in EU Member States in the Context of Building Renovation

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4209
Author(s):  
Rita Remeikienė ◽  
Ligita Gasparėnienė ◽  
Aleksandra Fedajev ◽  
Marek Szarucki ◽  
Marija Đekić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Investment Efficiency ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Energy Usage ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Eu

The main goal of setting energy efficiency priorities is to find ways to reduce energy consumption without harming consumers and the environment. The renovation of buildings can be considered one of the main aspects of energy efficiency in the European Union (EU). In the EU, only 5% of the renovation projects have been able to yield energy-saving at the deep renovation level. No other study has thus far ranked the EU member states according to achieved results in terms of increased usage in renewable sources, a decrease in energy usage and import, and reduction in harmful gas emissions due to energy usage. The main purpose of this article is to perform a comparative analysis of EU economies according to selected indicators related to the usage of renewable resources, energy efficiency, and emissions of harmful gasses as a result of energy usage. The methodological contribution of our study is related to developing a complex and robust research method for investment efficiency assessment allowing the study of three groups of indicators related to the usage of renewable energy sources, energy efficiency, and ecological aspects of energy. It was based on the PROMETHEE II method and allows testing it in other time periods, as well as modifying it for research purposes. The EU member states were categorized by such criteria as energy from renewables and biofuels, final energy consumption from renewables and biofuels, gross electricity generation from renewables and biofuels and import dependency, and usage of renewables and biofuels for heating and cooling. The results of energy per unit of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Greenhouse gasses (GHG) emissions per million inhabitants (ECO2), energy per capita, the share of CO2 emissions from public electricity, and heat production from total CO2 emissions revealed that Latvia, Sweden, Portugal, Croatia, Austria, Lithuania, Romania, Denmark, and Finland are the nine most advanced countries in the area under consideration. In the group of the most advanced countries, energy consumption from renewables and biofuels is higher than the EU average.

scholarly journals Pulp and Paper Industry: Decarbonisation Technology Assessment to Reach CO2 Neutral Emissions—An Austrian Case Study

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1161
Author(s):  
Maedeh Rahnama Mobarakeh ◽  
Miguel Santos Silva ◽  
Thomas Kienberger
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Co2 Emission Reduction

The pulp and paper (P&P) sector is a dynamic manufacturing industry and plays an essential role in the Austrian economy. However, the sector, which consumes about 20 TWh of final energy, is responsible for 7% of Austria’s industrial CO2 emissions. This study, intending to assess the potential for improving energy efficiency and reducing emissions in the Austrian context in the P&P sector, uses a bottom-up approach model. The model is applied to analyze the energy consumption (heat and electricity) and CO2 emissions in the main processes, related to the P&P production from virgin or recycled fibers. Afterward, technological options to reduce energy consumption and fossil CO2 emissions for P&P production are investigated, and various low-carbon technologies are applied to the model. For each of the selected technologies, the potential of emission reduction and energy savings up to 2050 is estimated. Finally, a series of low-carbon technology-based scenarios are developed and evaluated. These scenarios’ content is based on the improvement potential associated with the various processes of different paper grades. The results reveal that the investigated technologies applied in the production process (chemical pulping and paper drying) have a minor impact on CO2 emission reduction (maximum 10% due to applying an impulse dryer). In contrast, steam supply electrification, by replacing fossil fuel boilers with direct heat supply (such as commercial electric boilers or heat pumps), enables reducing emissions by up to 75%. This means that the goal of 100% CO2 emission reduction by 2050 cannot be reached with one method alone. Consequently, a combination of technologies, particularly with the electrification of the steam supply, along with the use of carbon-free electricity generated by renewable energy, appears to be essential.

scholarly journals An Energy Consumption Approach to Estimate Air Emission Reductions in Container Shipping

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 278
Author(s):  
Ernest Czermański ◽  
Giuseppe T. Cirella ◽  
Aneta Oniszczuk-Jastrząbek ◽  
Barbara Pawłowska ◽  
Theo Notteboom
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Container Shipping ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Emission Reductions ◽  
Energy Efficiency Design Index ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Container shipping is the largest producer of emissions within the maritime shipping industry. Hence, measures have been designed and implemented to reduce ship emission levels. IMO’s MARPOL Annex VI, with its future plan of applying Tier III requirements, the Energy Efficiency Design Index for new ships, and the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan for all ships. To assist policy formulation and follow-up, this study applies an energy consumption approach to estimate container ship emissions. The volumes of sulphur oxide (SOx), nitrous oxide (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted from container ships are estimated using 2018 datasets on container shipping and average vessel speed records generated via AIS. Furthermore, the estimated reductions in SOx, NOx, PM, and CO2 are mapped for 2020. The empirical analysis demonstrates that the energy consumption approach is a valuable method to estimate ongoing emission reductions on a continuous basis and to fill data gaps where needed, as the latest worldwide container shipping emissions records date back to 2015. The presented analysis supports early-stage detection of environmental impacts in container shipping and helps to determine in which areas the greatest potential for emission reductions can be found.

Investigation of sustainability of lubricated journal bearing under relevant design parameters

2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 789-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M. Shahin ◽  
Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury ◽  
Md. Arefin Kowser ◽  
Uttam Kumar Debnath ◽  
M.H. Monir
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Elastic Strain ◽  
Journal Bearing ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Stress Formation ◽  
Bearing Design ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Bearing Friction

Purpose The purposes of the present study are to ensure higher sustainability of journal bearings under different applied loads and to observe bearing performances such as elastic strain, total deformation and stress formation. Design/methodology/approach A journal bearing test rig was used to determine the effect of the applied load on the bearing friction, film thickness, lubricant film pressure, etc. A steady-state analysis was performed to obtain the bearing performance. Findings An efficient aspect ratio (L/D) range was obtained to increase the durability or the stability of the bearing while the bearing is in the working condition by using SAE 5W-30 oil. The results from the study were compared with previous studies in which different types of oil and water, such as Newtonian fluid (NF), magnetorheological fluid (MRF) and nonmagnetorheological fluid (NMRF), were used as the lubricant. To ensure a preferable aspect ratio range (0.25-0.50), a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was conducted by ANSYS; the results show a lower elastic strain and deformation within the preferable aspect ratio (0.25-0.50) rather than a higher aspect ratio using the SAE 5W-30 oil. Originality/value It is expected that the findings of this study will contribute to the improvement of the bearing design and the bearing lubricating system.

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