scholarly journals An Energy Consumption Approach to Estimate Air Emission Reductions in Container Shipping

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 278
Author(s):  
Ernest Czermański ◽  
Giuseppe T. Cirella ◽  
Aneta Oniszczuk-Jastrząbek ◽  
Barbara Pawłowska ◽  
Theo Notteboom

Container shipping is the largest producer of emissions within the maritime shipping industry. Hence, measures have been designed and implemented to reduce ship emission levels. IMO’s MARPOL Annex VI, with its future plan of applying Tier III requirements, the Energy Efficiency Design Index for new ships, and the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan for all ships. To assist policy formulation and follow-up, this study applies an energy consumption approach to estimate container ship emissions. The volumes of sulphur oxide (SOx), nitrous oxide (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted from container ships are estimated using 2018 datasets on container shipping and average vessel speed records generated via AIS. Furthermore, the estimated reductions in SOx, NOx, PM, and CO2 are mapped for 2020. The empirical analysis demonstrates that the energy consumption approach is a valuable method to estimate ongoing emission reductions on a continuous basis and to fill data gaps where needed, as the latest worldwide container shipping emissions records date back to 2015. The presented analysis supports early-stage detection of environmental impacts in container shipping and helps to determine in which areas the greatest potential for emission reductions can be found.

Author(s):  
Lokukaluge P. Perera ◽  
Brage Mo ◽  
Leifur Arnar Kristjánsson ◽  
Petter Chr. Jønvik ◽  
Jan Øivind Svardal

Various emission control measures have been introduced in the recent years for improving vessel performance in the shipping industry. That consists of: Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) for new ships and Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) and Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI) for all ships. These emission control measures enforce the shipping industry to improve operational conditions and to implement modern technology for more energy efficient shipping fleets. Therefore, this study presents preliminary data analysis of a selected vessel for monitoring its performance along the ship routes. The results consist of observing vessel performance under several navigation parameters: ship GPS speed (i.e. speed over the ground), log speed, course, fuel consumption, main and auxiliary engine power, main engine shaft RPM, loading and draft conditions with respect to the route, voyage time and wind conditions. Furthermore, these parameters have been used to analyze potential and optimal energy usage situations in ship navigation with respect to the EEOI, in which represents an important part of the SEEMP.


Author(s):  
Serena Lim ◽  
Kayvan Pazouki ◽  
Alan J. Murphy

There are increasing concerns and regulations regarding the emission of pollutants from shipping. Therefore, regulations such as the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) and Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) have been made mandatory to cope with climate change concerns. To put these efforts into practice, the Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI) was introduced in 2009 to account for the fuel consumption, distance travelled by the vessel and cargo mass. However, it is stated that these do not apply to ships that are not engaged in transport work such as research vessels and tugboats. These short sea shipping vessels have been neglected under current indexes and it is not possible for their properties to be quantified since current indices are for vessels carrying loads. The numbers of these specialised vessels are increasing in local waters, and are closer to coastal communities where concerns and impact from these pollutants would be more direct. In the IMO greenhouse gas study, options for improving energy efficiency in terms of design includes the concept, design speed and capability, hull and superstructure, power and propulsion whilst the principle of energy efficiency in terms of operation includes fleet management, logistics and incentives, voyage optimisation and energy management. A reliable energy flow breakdown architecture and diagnostics for these smaller vessels is important and will contribute to an understanding of the energy production, distribution and consumption on-board. This feeds into the IMO plan to encourage energy management. A systematic approach consisting of five distinct stages is recommended to accomplish a holistic approach for energy efficiency management. This includes understanding of energy flow breakdown architecture, vessel survey to understand operation and conduct, review existing sensors and new sensor installation, sensor communication and data processing, and finally data analysis. These stages are addressed in this paper to provide an overall understanding of a robust energy efficiency audit procedure and sensor matrix. This includes unifying the existing on-board sensors with the proposed new sensors for additional data collection where primary parameters are not readily available. Inferred secondary parameter calculations are also applied where direct data collection is not possible. This will allow information from the vessel to be transmitted to a common platform to enable detailed data analysis. The aim of this work is to improve energy management and monitoring, which leads to understanding and managing consumption of energy. A case study of this methodology has been carried out on the Princess Royal, a Newcastle University research vessel. Recommendations for further testing and optimisation of this methodology will be applied to tugboats and Offshore Supply Vessels (OSV).


2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Αναστασία Χριστοδούλου

Η ιδέα της διατριβής προέρχεται από την αυξανόμενη ευαισθησία των ερευνητών για τις ολοένα αυξανόμενες επιπτώσεις της κλιματικής αλλαγής και ειδικότερα της ρύπανσης της ατμόσφαιρας από τα λεγόμενα αέρια του θερμοκηπίου. Η ναυτιλία είναι μια από τις βιομηχανίες, οι οποίες συμβάλλουν στις εκπομπές των αερίων αυτών παρόλο που η συμβολή αυτή είναι περιορισμένη. Το ζήτημα που απασχολεί τη διατριβή αυτή είναι η διερεύνηση των κατάλληλων τεχνικών, λειτουργικών και αγορακεντρικών εργαλείων για την αντιμετώπιση των εκπομπών αερίων του θερμοκηπίου από τα πλοία. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, τα εργαλεία αναλύονται και αξιολογούνται, και αυτά είναι ο Σχεδιαστικός Δείκτης Ενεργειακής Αποδοτικότητας (Energy Efficiency Design Index - EEDI), το Σχέδιο Ενεργειακά Αποδοτικής Διαχείρισης του Πλοίου (Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan - SEΕMP) και ο Λειτουργικός Δείκτης Ενεργειακής Αποδοτικότητας (Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator – EEΟI), το Ναυτιλιακό Σύστημα Αγοραπωλησίας Δικαιωμάτων Εκπομπών (Maritime Emission Trading Scheme - METS) και ο διεθνής φόρος στο ναυτιλιακό καύσιμο (Global levy scheme on marine bunker fuel). Η διατριβή αυτή κινείται σε δυο άξονες, καθώς από τη μία αξιολογούνται οι μηχανισμοί περιορισμού των εκπομπών αερίων του θερμοκηπίου από τα πλοία ως προς: (α) την περιβαλλοντική τους αποτελεσματικότητα, (β) την οικονομική τους αποδοτικότητα, (γ) την παροχή κινήτρων για τεχνολογική αλλαγή και (δ) την πρακτική τους εφαρμογή (ποιοτική έρευνα), ενώ από την άλλη πραγματοποιήθηκε εκτεταμένη έρευνα (ποσοτική - στατιστική) με ερωτηματολόγια σε δείγμα από το σύνολο των ναυτιλιακών επιχειρήσεων που δραστηριοποιούνται στον Ελληνικό χώρο, μέσα από την οποία εξήχθησαν για πρώτη φορά συμπεράσματα σχετικά με τον τρόπο που αντιμετωπίζει η ναυτιλιακή βιομηχανία, ουσιαστικά η Ελληνόκτητη ναυτιλιακή βιομηχανία, την υιοθέτηση των διαφόρων προτεινόμενων τεχνικών, λειτουργικών και οικονομικών εργαλείων για τον περιορισμό των εκπομπών αερίων του θερμοκηπίου από τον στόλο της.Τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας αυτής αντικατοπτρίζουν την περιβαλλοντική συμπεριφορά και τις πρακτικές σχετικά με τις ναυτιλιακές εκπομπές αερίων του θερμοκηπίου ενός αντιπροσωπευτικού μέρους της Ελληνόκτητης ναυτιλιακής βιομηχανίας, μιας και το δείγμα περιλαμβάνει ναυτιλιακές εταιρείες διαφόρων μεγεθών, οι οποίες συμμετέχουν σε διάφορους τομείς της ναυτιλιακής βιομηχανίας. Λαμβάνοντας υπόψη το μέγεθος και τη σημασία της Ελληνόκτητης ναυτιλιακής βιομηχανίας στο πεδίο της διεθνούς ναυτιλίας, τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας αυτής παρουσιάζουν σήμερα μια ιδιαίτερη σημασία, μιας και θα μπορούσαν να αναλυθούν περαιτέρω και να ληφθούν υπόψη για την επίτευξη της συμμόρφωσης της ναυτιλιακής βιομηχανίας με οποιαδήποτε μελλοντικά τεχνικά, λειτουργικά ή οικονομικά εργαλεία για τη μείωση των ναυτιλιακών εκπομπών αερίων του θερμοκηπίου.


2021 ◽  
Vol Volume 34 - 2020 - Special... ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Pierre Dembele ◽  
Ladjel Bellatreche ◽  
Carlos Ordonez ◽  
Nabil Gmati ◽  
Mathieu Roche ◽  
...  

Soumission à Episciences International audience Computers and electronic machines in businesses consume a significant amount of electricity, releasing carbon dioxide (CO2), which contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. Energy efficiency is a pressing concern in IT systems, ranging from mobile devices to large servers in data centers, in order to be more environmentally responsible. In order to meet the growing demands in the awareness of excessive energy consumption, many initiatives have been launched on energy efficiency for big data processing covering electronic components, software and applications. Query optimizers are one of the most power consuming components of a DBMS. They can be modified to take into account the energetical cost of query plans by using energy-based cost models with the aim of reducing the power consumption of computer systems. In this paper, we study, describe and evaluate the design of three energy cost models whose values of energy sensitive parameters are determined using the Nonlinear Regression and the Random Forests techniques. To this end, we study in depth the operating principle of the selected DBMS and present an analysis comparing the performance time and energy consumption of typical queries in the TPC benchmark. We perform extensive experiments on a physical testbed based on PostreSQL, MontetDB and Hyrise systems using workloads generatedusing our chosen benchmark to validate our proposal. Les ordinateurs et les machines électroniques des entreprises consomment une quantité importante d’électricité, libérant ainsi du dioxyde de carbone (CO2), qui contribue aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre. L’efficacité énergétique est une préoccupation urgente dans les systèmesinformatiques, partant des équipements mobiles aux grands serveurs dans les centres de données, afin d’être plus respectueux envers l’environnement. Afin de répondre aux exigences croissantes en matière de sensibilisation à l’utilisation excessive de l’énergie, de nombreuses initiatives ont été lancées sur l’efficacité énergétique pour le traitement des données massives couvrant les composantsélectroniques, les logiciels et les applications. Les optimiseurs de requêtes sont l’un des composants les plus énergivores d’un SGBD. Ils peuvent être modifiés pour prendre en compte le coût énergétique des plans des requêtes à l’aide des modèles de coût énergétiques intégrés dans l’optimiseur dans le but de réduire la consommation électrique des systèmes informatiques. Dans cet article, nousétudions, décrivons et évaluons la conception de trois modèles de coût énergétique dont les valeurs des paramètres sensibles à l’énergie sont définis en utilisant la technique de la Régression non linéaire et la technique des forêts aléatoires. Pour ce fait, nous menons une étude approfondie du principe de fonctionnement des SGBD choisis et présentons une analyse des performances en termes de temps et énergie sur des requêtes typiques du benchmarks TPC-H. Nous effectuons des expériences approfondies basées sur les systèmes PostgreSQL, MonetDB et Hyrise en utilisant un jeu de données généré à partir du benchmarks TPC-H afin de valider nos propositions.


Author(s):  
Pamela E. Alexander

Rail transportation is playing a very important role in the effort to keep the world’s expanding major cities safe and mobile. Travel by rail can move people and cargo with higher levels of energy efficiency, greater safety, lower cost and greater reliability than any other mode of transportation. On average, trips by train can generate between one third and one fifth of the carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by the equivalent automobile or airplane travel. Environmental awareness plus reduced operating costs are primary considerations in decision making for new transit programs around the globe. Energy consumption is a major part of rail operation costs and has been at the focus of rail systems sustainability initiatives. The majority of energy consumed by metropolitan and urban rail systems is used to move the trains. In recent years, energy saving technologies for rail vehicle power systems have been implemented on many rail systems worldwide. Improving railway energy efficiency results in not only a reduction in energy consumption and cost, but also a reduction in pollution due to power generation. In an effort to promote environmental quality and energy efficiency, energy usage in rail systems is analyzed to identify new technologies, developments, and procedures for increased efficiency. This paper provides an overview of the various strategies and solutions used to increase energy efficiency in rail systems and highlights the key technologies needed for their implementation.


2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 561-566
Author(s):  
Marcin Szczepanek ◽  
Przemysław Rajewski ◽  
Dalibor Barta ◽  
Iwona Michalska-Pożoga

Abstract The Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) became mandatory for new ships as well as the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) for all ships due to the MEPC 62 (July 2011) along with the adoption of amendments to MARPOL Annex VI by the Parties to the MARPOL Annex VI. This was the first legally binding climate change treaty to be adopted since the Kyoto Protocol. The Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP), which has been obligatory since 2013, did not to cover fishing cutters but triggered the implementation of energy efficiency audits due to fishing limits, high fuel prices, and free freight market. All the above caused that ship-owners started seeking ways for saving money and keep their business profitable. Apart from energy recovery installations, fishing vessels have been furnished with the latest technologies aimed at the reduction of energy consumption and at making ships greener. A research team of the Maritime University of Szczecin conducted energy efficiency audits on several fishing vessels operated on the Baltic Sea and stated that up to 40% of the energy is used during fishing operations by hydraulic devices installed at the fishing vessels. The paper presents the measurement results of energy consumption in typical operational states based on a selected fishing cutter operating at the Baltic Sea. The paper includes also the recommendations in terms modernization of hydraulic installations and the changes of control methods for devices with hydraulic drive. The calculations are also presented herein and they prove that it is possible to reduce energy consumption by a fishing cutter even by 20% while maintaining the unchanged operating parameters of the hydraulic devices.


2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akram Akoel ◽  
Ryszard K. Miler

Abstract The European Union (EU) and International Maritime Organisation (IMO) strongly feel the need for initiating measures to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from international shipping lines regionally and globally using a package of tools called Green Shipping Practices (GSP). The GSP includes the use of global market-based mechanisms (MBMs), adoption of the energy efficiency design index (EEDI), establishing compulsory energy efficiency standards for all new ships, and the ship energy efficiency management plan (SEEMP) recommended as a new management tool for ship owners. Furthermore, the European Commission (EC) has proposed that owners of large ships using EU ports should report their verified emissions (Monitoring, Reporting and Verification of Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (MRV)) from 2018. In addition, IMO has introduced collection and reporting of ship fuel consumption data (SFCD) under the IMO SFCD scheme based on similar conditions, but related to global shipping. By providing a holistic analysis of the above-mentioned tools with a special focus on MRV and SFCD, this paper presents their economical and operational implications on the maritime transport processes. The working hypothesis that there is a correlation between the introduction of MRV and SFCD tools and reduction of maritime transport anthropopresure has been proved.


2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay Dabadgaonkar ◽  
Asim Kumar Sen ◽  
Rajendra Prasad

The revised MARPOL Convention addresses emissions from ships under Annex VI, chapter 4, entered into force since 1st January 2013. It set mandatory measures to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from international shipping, with the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) made mandatory for new ships, and the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) made a requirement for all ships. The major consumption of energy and burning of fuel onboard is generally required for Ballast water management, Sea water cooling, Cargo operation and Propulsion. Energy efficiency plays the most important role in reduction of energy consumption, fuel consumption and CO2 emissions, accounting for up to 53% of total CO2 emission reductions onboard ship. In pumping applications onboard vessels for sea water cooling systems, the use of proposed Variable Frequency Drives (VFD) control can cut the energy consumption by as much as 60%. Here we have developed a model of adjustable speed drives for controlling high power centrifugal pumps onboard ship for energy conservation and eco-friendly sailing. The results of simulation shows that the proposed method of flow control using VFD not only saves energy but also reduces burning of fuel and also results in a reduction of greenhouse gas emission. Therefore by the use of proposed Green, Smart and Intelligent technology, we can save significant energy and reduce emission of GHG, so as to meet stringent norms as per MARPOL ANNEX-VI, Chapter-4.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikoletta L. Trivyza ◽  
Athanasios Rentizelas ◽  
Gerasimos Theotokatos

The Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) was introduced as a regulatory tool employed at the ship design phase to reduce the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and increase the vessel’s operational efficiency. Although it stimulated the greening of the shipping operations, its effectiveness is considerably criticised from various shipping industry stakeholders. The aim of this study is to investigate the EEDI effectiveness on accurately representing the environmental performance of the next-generation ships power plants for two representative ship types, in specific, an ocean-going tanker and a cruise ship. The performance of the optimal power plant solutions identified in previous studies is analysed according to the existing EEDI regulatory framework and compared with the lifetime CO2 emissions estimated based on an actual operating profile for each ship. The results indicate that the EEDI underestimates the effect of technologies for reducing carbon emissions in all the investigated cases. In this respect, it is concluded that EEDI is classified as a conservative metric, which however can be used as an approximation to compare alternative solutions early in the design phase.


Author(s):  
Justas Žaglinskis ◽  
Paulius Rapalis ◽  
Nadezda Lazareva

The article consists of analysis of existing and planned air pollution from ships control and prevention tools such Marpol 73/78 Annex VI, Energy Efficiency Design Index, Energy efficiency operational indicator, Ship energy efficiency management plan, Regulation on the Monitoring Reporting and Verification of shipping emissions, Carbon tax, Maritime emission trading scheme. Norms of these control and prevention tools are difficult to ensue using traditional marine fuels. Pollution rates getting tighter and alternatives have to be used, and some of them have long been known and are not widely used due to objective reasons. Such alternative is natural gas, and its use in ship power plants could reduce concentrations of nitrogen, sulphur, carbon compounds and other pollutants in engine exhaust gas up to acceptable level. The part of maritime sector choosing gas or dual-fuel engines due to tighter pollution rates, and the supply of these engines analyzed in last part of article.


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