scholarly journals A Preliminary Study on an Alternative Ship Propulsion System Fueled by Ammonia: Environmental and Economic Assessments

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyunghwa Kim ◽  
Gilltae Roh ◽  
Wook Kim ◽  
Kangwoo Chun
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Propulsion System ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Maritime Industry ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Main Engine

The shipping industry is becoming increasingly aware of its environmental responsibilities in the long-term. In 2018, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) pledged to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by at least 50% by the year 2050 as compared with a baseline value from 2008. Ammonia has been regarded as one of the potential carbon-free fuels for ships based on these environmental issues. In this paper, we propose four propulsion systems for a 2500 Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit (TEU) container feeder ship. All of the proposed systems are fueled by ammonia; however, different power systems are used: main engine, generators, polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). Further, these systems are compared to the conventional main engine propulsion system that is fueled by heavy fuel oil, with a focus on the economic and environmental perspectives. By comparing the conventional and proposed systems, it is shown that ammonia can be a carbon-free fuel for ships. Moreover, among the proposed systems, the SOFC power system is the most eco-friendly alternative (up to 92.1%), even though it requires a high lifecycle cost than the others. Although this study has some limitations and assumptions, the results indicate a meaningful approach toward solving GHG problems in the maritime industry.

scholarly journals The Role of Photovoltaics (PV) in the Present and Future Situation of Suriname

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amrita Raghoebarsing ◽  
Angèle Reinders
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Future Situation

The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the energy sector and the current status of photovoltaic (PV) systems in Suriname and to investigate which role PV systems can play in this country’s future energy transition. At this moment, 64% of the power is available from diesel/heavy fuel oil (HFO) gensets while 36% is available from renewables namely hydroelectric power systems and PV systems. Suriname has renewable energy (RE) targets for 2017 and 2022 which already have been achieved by this 36%. However, the RE target of 2027 of 47% must be achieved yet. As there is abundant irradiance available, on an average 1792 kWh/m2/year and because several PV systems have already been successfully implemented, PV can play an important role in the energy transition of Suriname. In order to achieve the 2027 target with only PV systems, an additional 110 MWp of installed PV capacity will be required. Governmental and non-governmental institutes have planned PV projects. If these will be executed in the future than annually 0.8 TWh electricity will be produced by PV systems. In order to meet the electricity demand of 2027 fully, 2.2 TWh PV electricity will be required which implies that more PV systems must be implemented in Suriname besides the already scheduled ones.

scholarly journals Unit-Based Emissions Inventory for Electric Power Systems in Kuwait: Current Status and Future Predictions

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 5758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nawaf S. Alhajeri ◽  
Fahad M. Al-Fadhli ◽  
Ahmed Z. Aly
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Electric Power Systems ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Emissions Inventory

Obtaining accurate estimates of emissions from electric power systems is essential for predicting air quality and evaluating the effectiveness of any future control technologies. This paper aimed to develop unit-based emissions inventories for electric power systems in Kuwait using different parameters, including fuel specifications and consumption, combustion technology and its efficiency, unit capacity, and boiler type. The study also estimated the future emissions of NOx, SO2, CO, CO2, and PM10 up to the year 2030 using a multivariate regression model in addition to predicting future energy demand. The results showed that annual (2010–2015) emissions of all air pollutants, excluding SO2 and PM10, increased over the study period. CO had the greatest increase of 41.9%, whereas SO2 levels decreased the most by 13% over the 2010 levels, due to the replacement of heavy fuel oil. Energy consumption in 2015 stood at approximately 86 PJ, with natural gas, gas oil, crude oil, and heavy fuel oil making up 51.2%, 10.7%, 3.1%, and 35%, respectively. Energy demand was projected to grow at an annualized rate of 2.8% by 2030 compared to 2015 levels. The required installed capacity to meet this demand was estimated to be approximately 21.8 GW (a 34% increase in capacity compared to 2015 levels). The projected emission rates showed that, of the five air pollutants, SO2 and PM10 are expected to decrease by 2030 by 34% and 11%, respectively. However, peak monthly emissions of SO2 would still only be 14% lower compared to the 2015 monthly average. In contrast, emission levels are projected to increase by 34.3%, 54.8%, and 71.8% for CO2, NOx, and CO, respectively, by 2030 compared to 2015 levels. Accordingly, a more ambitious target of renewables penetration needs to be adopted to reduce emission levels going forward.

Parameter Optimization for a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Model

2010 ◽  
Vol 37-38 ◽  
pp. 834-838
Author(s):  
Xin Li ◽  
Qun Yan ◽  
Da Tai Yu
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Parameter Optimization ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Cell Model ◽  
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Empirical Models ◽  
Semi Empirical

The accurate mathematical model is an important tool for simulation and design analysis of fuel cell power systems. Semi-empirical models are easier to be obtained and can also be used to accurately predict the performance of fuel cell system for engineering applications. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a recently invented high-performance algorithm. In this paper, a parameter optimization technique of PEMFC semi-empirical models based on DKPSO was proposed in terms of the voltage-current characteristics. The simulated and experimental data confirmed the validity of the optimization technique, and indicated that PSO is an effective tool for optimizing the parameters of PEMFC models.

scholarly journals Rates the Ships Must Pay to Deliver the Oil Sludge as an Incentive to Improve Port Waste Green Logistics

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 789-797
Author(s):  
Danijela Tuljak-Suban ◽  
Valter Suban
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Oil Sludge ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Green Waste ◽  
Free Riders ◽  
Mathematical Game ◽  
Waste Rate ◽  
Main Engine

Vessels of the shipping industry produce sludge during the operation of the main engine, various types of auxiliary engines, and the handling of fuel oil on board ships. The sludge can be stored in special tanks and disposed of ashore or burned on board. In the European Union, according to the Port Reception Facilities Directive (EU) 2019/883, ships have to pay a port waste fee for the delivery of ship waste, which is calculated according to the size of the ship. Such an approach does not take into account the capacity of port green waste logistics. In this paper, the case of delivery of ship sludge to ports that are similar in terms of waste logistics capacity is analysed. It is presented as a mathematical game between ships and ports to improve green waste logistics and match the amount of oil sludge that can be discharged from ships to the capacity of ports. The goal of the game is to discourage free-riders, which can occur on both sides, between suppliers and ports. The waste rate can be used as a regulator and incentive that discourages sludge dumping when recycling is not feasible. A model evaluation is proposed using a numerical example.

scholarly journals Ammonia-based Solid Oxide Fuel Cell for zero emission maritime power: a case study

2022 ◽  
Vol 334 ◽  
pp. 06007
Author(s):  
Simona Di Micco ◽  
Mariagiovanna Minutillo ◽  
Luca Mastropasqua ◽  
Viviana Cigolotti ◽  
Jack Brouwer
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Propulsion System ◽  
Solid Oxide ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Oxide Fuel ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil

Implementing environmentally friendly fuels and high efficiency propulsion technologies to replace the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) fueled by fossil fuels such as Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) and Marine Gas Oil (MGO) on board ships represents an attractive solution for maritime power. In this context, fuel cells can play a crucial role, thanks to their high energy efficiency and ultra-low to zero criteria pollutant emissions and environmental impact. This paper performs the technical feasibility analysis for replacing the conventional diesel engine powertrain on board a commercial vessel with an innovative system consisting of ammonia-fuel-based Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) technology. Taking into account the size of the diesel engines installed on board and the typical cruise performed by the commercial vessel, the ammonia consumption, as well as the optimal size of the innovative propulsion system have been assessed. In particular, the SOFC powertrain is sized at the same maximum power output as the main reference diesel engine. The mass and energy balances of the ammonia-based SOFC system have been performed in Aspen PlusTM environment. The gravimetric (kWh kg−1) and volumetric (kWh m−3) energy density features of the ammonia storage technology as well as the weight and volume of the proposed propulsion system are evaluated for verifying the compliance with the ship’s weight and space requirements. Results highlight that the proposed propulsion system involves an increase in weight both in the engine room and in the fuel room compared to the diesel engine and fuel. In particular, a cargo reduction of about 2.88% is necessary to fit the ammonia-based SOFC system compared to the space available in the reference diesel-fueled ship.

scholarly journals A Study into the Availability, Costs and GHG Reduction in Drop-In Biofuels for Shipping under Different Regimes between 2020 and 2050

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 9900
Author(s):  
Douwe F. A. van der Kroft ◽  
Jeroen F. J. Pruyn
Keyword(s):  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Maritime Industry ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Biomass Availability ◽  
Conversion Technologies ◽  
Insight Into

In this study, various scenarios were developed that correspond to estimations of future biomass availability and biofuel demand from the maritime industry. These marine biofuel demand scenarios were based on the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) reduction targets of the Renewable Energy Directive II (RED II) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO). A multi-objective Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model was developed which is used to optimize the Well-to-Tank (WtT) phases of each studied scenario. This resulted in an overview of the most feasible use of feedstocks, deployment of new conversion technologies and trade flows between regions. Additionally, the results provided insight into the costs and emission reduction potential of marine biofuels. By analyzing the results from this study, improved insight into the potential of drop-in biofuels for reaching the proposed emission reduction targets for the maritime sector was developed. A trade-off between costs and emissions was found to result in potential GHG reductions between 68–95% compared to Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) for 800–2300 EUR/ton. More specifically, 80% GHG reduction compared to HFO can be achieved at fuel costs of between 900–1050 EUR/ton over the studied time period.

scholarly journals Improving Liquefied Natural Gas Bunkering in Korea through the Chinese and Japanese Experiences

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 9585
Author(s):  
Yu Yong Ung ◽  
Park Sung Ho ◽  
Jung Dong Ho ◽  
Lee Chang Hee
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Maritime Transportation ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
China And Japan

The International Maritime Organization has strengthened global environmental regulations related to sulfur and nitrogen oxides contained in ship fuel oil since the beginning of 2020. One strategy to comply with the regulations is to fuel ships with liquefied natural gas (LNG) rather than with traditional heavy fuel oil. China and Japan are both developing a business structure for the bunkering of LNG through public–private partnerships to expand their leadership in the field in Northeast Asia and secure a competitive advantage. Compared to China and Japan, Korea has relatively inadequate laws, policy support, and best practices for safe and efficient LNG bunkering for ships. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the LNG bunkering regulation systems in China and Japan and addresses how these systems can be mirrored by Korea to improve the Korean system. It compares the legislative and normative rules of China and Japan regarding the complex global scenario of maritime transportation. The results show that Korea must revise its guidelines and create the advanced institutional framework required for the LNG bunkering market to support an eco-friendly shipping industry and maintain a competitive edge against China and Japan.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Economic Performances of Three Sulphur Oxides Emissions Abatement Solutions for a Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Hongjun Fan ◽  
Huan Tu ◽  
Hossein Enshaei ◽  
Xiangyang Xu ◽  
Ying Wei
Keyword(s):  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Maritime Industry ◽  
Three Solutions ◽  
Ship Owner ◽  
Sulphur Oxides ◽  
Initial Target

Ship-source air pollutants, especially sulphur oxides (SOx), have a major impact on human health, the marine environment and the natural resources. Therefore, control of SOx emissions has become a main concern in the maritime industry. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set a global limit on sulphur content of 0.50% m/m (mass by mass) in marine fuels which has entered into effect on 1 January 2020.To comply with the sulphur limits, ship owners are facing the need to select suitable abatement solutions. The choice of a suitable solution is a compromise among many issues, but the economic performance offers the basis for which ones are attractive to ship owners. Currently, there are three technologically feasible SOx abatement solutions that could be used by ships, namely, liquified natural gas (LNG) as a fuel (Solution A), scrubbers (Solution B) and low-sulphur fuel oil (LSFO) (Solution C). To compare the economic performances of the mentioned three solutions for a newbuilding very large crude carrier (VLCC), this paper proposes a voyage expenses-based method (VEM). It was found that, within the initial target payback period of 6 years, Solution A and C are more expensive than Solution B, while Solution C is more competitive than Solution A. Five scenarios of target payback years were assumed to compare the trends of the three proposed solutions. The results show that Solution B maintains its comparative advantage. As the assumed target payback years becomes longer, the economy of Solution A gradually improves and the economics of Solution B and C gradually decline. A comparison between Solution A and C shows 6.5 years is a turning point. The advantage of Solution A is prominent after this payback period. In addition, the performance of a certain solution in terms of adaptability to the IMO greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions regulations is also a factor that ship owner need to consider when making decisions. In conclusion, when the IMO air pollutant regulations and GHG regulations are considered simultaneously, the advantages of using LNG are obvious.

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