scholarly journals Challenges and Innovations in Osteochondral Regeneration: Insights from Biology and Inputs from Bioengineering toward the Optimization of Tissue Engineering Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Pedro Morouço ◽  
Cristiana Fernandes ◽  
Wanda Lattanzi
Keyword(s):  
Subchondral Bone ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Hyaline Cartilage ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Joint Interface ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
High Level ◽  
Osteochondral Regeneration ◽  
Interconnected Pores ◽  
Radiographic Classification

Due to the extremely high incidence of lesions and diseases in aging population, it is critical to put all efforts into developing a successful implant for osteochondral tissue regeneration. Many of the patients undergoing surgery present osteochondral fissure extending until the subchondral bone (corresponding to a IV grade according to the conventional radiographic classification by Berndt and Harty). Therefore, strategies for functional tissue regeneration should also aim at healing the subchondral bone and joint interface, besides hyaline cartilage. With the ambition of contributing to solving this problem, several research groups have been working intensively on the development of tailored implants that could promote that complex osteochondral regeneration. These implants may be manufactured through a wide variety of processes and use a wide variety of (bio)materials. This review aimed to examine the state of the art regarding the challenges, advantages, and drawbacks of the current strategies for osteochondral regeneration. One of the most promising approaches relies on the principles of additive manufacturing, where technologies are used that allow for the production of complex 3D structures with a high level of control, intended and predefined geometry, size, and interconnected pores, in a reproducible way. However, not all materials are suitable for these processes, and their features should be examined, targeting a successful regeneration.

Statistical analysis of distribution, dynamics and etiological structure of bovine diseases in Vologda region

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-4
Author(s):  
Oksana B. Badeeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Delayed Diagnosis ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Vologda Region ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Young Cattle ◽  
High Level

Statistical data of livestock for 30 years is reflected in the article. Author used the materials of the state veterinary reporting. A comparative analysis of the number, incidence and death rate of adult animals and young cattle for two five-year periods (2001-2005 and 2014-2018). the data of the analysis of veterinary statistical reports for 2018 on the specific weight of the large horned cattle and age dynamics of calves in farms of the Vologda region are shown. A significant decrease in livestock of the large horned cattle by 56.3% (from 1990 to 2018) is shown in the analysis of the data. Over the five years 2014-2018, there was a decrease in the number of the large horned cattle by 31.3%, the birth rate of calves - by 26.2%, and the incidence of calves - by 12.3% and the mortality rate decreased by 3.3%. Despite the decline in the number of livestock, in 2018 there is a high incidence of animal diseases (49.6%). The highest incidence rate was observed among calves under 10 days of age 43.3%, 31.7% - from 11 to 30 days, 15.8% - from one to three months, 6.5% - from three to six months and 2.7% - from 6 to 12 months. Of the total number of sick calves in 2018, 63.2% had gastrointestinal diseases, and death for this reason is 49.6% of the total number of victims. Respiratory diseases affect 21.8% of young animals, and death due to respiratory diseases is 18.2%. Analysis of statistical data showed that, despite the complex of veterinary and sanitary measures, the incidence and death of calves remain at a high level. This can be explained by delayed diagnosis and low therapeutic effectiveness in gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases of cattle.

scholarly journals Efficient End-to-End Sentence-Level Lipreading with Temporal Convolutional Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 6975
Author(s):  
Tao Zhang ◽  
Lun He ◽  
Xudong Li ◽  
Guoqing Feng
Keyword(s):  
Performance Improvement ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Convolutional Network ◽  
Convolutional Networks ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
End To End ◽  
High Level ◽  
Improved Accuracy ◽  
Talking Face

Lipreading aims to recognize sentences being spoken by a talking face. In recent years, the lipreading method has achieved a high level of accuracy on large datasets and made breakthrough progress. However, lipreading is still far from being solved, and existing methods tend to have high error rates on the wild data and have the defects of disappearing training gradient and slow convergence. To overcome these problems, we proposed an efficient end-to-end sentence-level lipreading model, using an encoder based on a 3D convolutional network, ResNet50, Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN), and a CTC objective function as the decoder. More importantly, the proposed architecture incorporates TCN as a feature learner to decode feature. It can partly eliminate the defects of RNN (LSTM, GRU) gradient disappearance and insufficient performance, and this yields notable performance improvement as well as faster convergence. Experiments show that the training and convergence speed are 50% faster than the state-of-the-art method, and improved accuracy by 2.4% on the GRID dataset.

Caged-electron States and Split-electron States in Endohedral Alkali C60

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
yifan yang ◽  
Lorenz S Cederbaum
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Electronic States ◽  
Electron States ◽  
The Common ◽  
High Level

The low-lying electronic states of neutral X@C60(X=Li, Na, K, Rb) have been computed and analyzed by employing state-of-the-art high level many-electron methods. Apart from the common charge-separated states, well known...

scholarly journals France’s State of the Art Distributed Optical Fibre Sensors Qualified for the Monitoring of the French Underground Repository for High Level and Intermediate Level Long Lived Radioactive Wastes

Sensors ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvie Delepine-Lesoille ◽  
Sylvain Girard ◽  
Marcel Landolt ◽  
Johan Bertrand ◽  
Isabelle Planes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fibre ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Radioactive Wastes ◽  
Intermediate Level ◽  
Optical Fibre Sensors ◽  
High Level

Carbon nanotubes for cardiac tissue regeneration: State of the art and perspectives

Carbon ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 184 ◽  
pp. 641-650
Author(s):  
Myriam Barrejón ◽  
Silvia Marchesan ◽  
Nuria Alegret ◽  
Maurizio Prato
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Cardiac Tissue ◽  
State Of The Art

scholarly journals 24-Hour Measurement of Gastric pH in Rural South Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alastair M. Sammon ◽  
Eugene J. Ndebia ◽  
Ekambaram Umapathy ◽  
Jehu E. Iputo
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Ambulatory Monitoring ◽  
Duodenogastric Reflux ◽  
Lower Oesophageal Sphincter ◽  
Gastric Ph ◽  
Night Time ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
The Mean ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
High Level

Background. Previous studies have established norms of 24-hour gastric pH profiles for western countries. This study was designed to establish the pattern for a rural African population with a high incidence of oesophageal cancer.Methods. After lower oesophageal manometry a probe was placed 10 cm distal to the lower oesophageal sphincter. We carried out 24-hour ambulatory monitoring of gastric pH on 59 healthy subjects. This was satisfactorily completed on 26 female and 18 male (age 21–64, median 35) subjects in the Transkei region of South Africa.Results. The mean 24 hour gastric pH was 2.84 and the mean night-time pH was 3.7. 40 volunteers recorded a night-time pH reaching over 4. 33 volunteers recorded a night-time pH over 7. Night-time alkalinisation was present for 136.4 minutes (25th centile 22.8, 75th centile 208.1) at pH4 or over, and 79.3 (2.5, 122.7) minutes at pH7 or over. Episodes of rapid alkaline rise were 17 (10, 47). 21.1% of these occurred while supine. 35 of 36 tested subjects were positive forH. pyloriIgG.Conclusion. Gastric alkalinisation is common in Transkei, at a higher pH than that reported in other studies, and is sustained longer. Nighttime alkalinisation is frequent. This suggests a high level of duodenogastric reflux.

scholarly journals Infectious gastroenteritis in Norfolk Island and recovery of viruses from drinking water

1983 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Murphy ◽  
G. S. Grohmann ◽  
M. F. H. Sexton
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Infectious Gastroenteritis ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Norfolk Island ◽  
High Level

SUMMARYA high incidence of gastroenteritis in both islanders and tourists has been recorded in recent years on Norfolk Island – a popular tourist resort for Australians and New Zealanders. No bacterial cause has been found. However, electron microscopic examination of 28 faecal specimens revealed viruses associated with gastroenteritis in 21 (75%). No viruses were isolated in cell cultures. Bore water is used for drinking purposes on the island and 32 samples from 15 bores were examined for viruses by electron microscopy and culture as well as for bacterial contamination. Seven polioviruses (all type 1 vaccine strain) and adenoviruses 1 and 5 were isolated in cell cultures. In addition one rotavirus, one adenovirus and two small round viruses were detected by electron microscopy. Six of 21 samples tested showed unacceptably high levels of bacteria for drinking water. The deep ground water has apparently become contaminated with sewage effluent and is almost certainly the main cause of the high level of gastroenteritis on the island.

Artificial Osteochondral Interface of Bioactive Fibrous Membranes Mediating Calcified Cartilage Reconstruction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengtao Liu ◽  
Xiurong Ke ◽  
Yuejun Yao ◽  
Fanghui Wu ◽  
Shuo Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subchondral Bone ◽  
Hyaline Cartilage ◽  
Interface Region ◽  
Calcified Cartilage ◽  
Cartilage Reconstruction ◽  
Fibrous Membranes

Calcified cartilage is a mineralized osteochondral interface region between the hyaline cartilage and subchondral bone, whereas there were few reported artificial biomaterials that could offer bioactivities for substantial reconstruction of...

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