scholarly journals Modification of Ground Tire Rubber—Promising Approach for Development of Green Composites

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Łukasz Zedler ◽  
Marta Przybysz-Romatowska ◽  
Józef Haponiuk ◽  
Shifeng Wang ◽  
Krzysztof Formela
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Dicumyl Peroxide ◽  
Organic Peroxides ◽  
Green Composites ◽  
Reactive Sintering ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Better Than

Ground tire rubber (GTR) was mechano-chemically modified using a road bitumen 100/150 and two types of organic peroxides: di-(2-tert-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)-benzene (BIB) and dicumyl peroxide (DCP). The impact of used additives on reactive sintering efficiency and physico-mechanical properties of modified GTR was investigated using oscillating disc rheometer measurements, followed by tensile tests and swelling behavior studies. It was found that the application of bitumen and both used peroxides (DCP/BIB) improves processing and reactive sintering efficiency better than untreated GTR. However, the results indicate that BIB is more prone to blooming on the surface of modified GTR, thus limiting (especially at higher content) its application as a modifier and promotor of GTR reactive sintering.

scholarly journals Synergistic Effects of Bitumen Plasticization and Microwave Treatment on Short-Term Devulcanization of Ground Tire Rubber

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Zedler ◽  
Marek Klein ◽  
Mohammad Reza Saeb ◽  
Xavier Colom ◽  
Javier Cañavate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Microwave Treatment ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
Static Mechanical ◽  
Combined Impact ◽  
Static Mechanical Properties

Ground tire rubber (GTR) was mechano-chemically modified with road bitumen 160/220 and subsequently treated using a microwave radiation. The combined impact of bitumen 160/220 content and microwave treatment on short-term devulcanization of GTR was studied by thermal camera, wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (WD-XRF), static headspace, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SHS-GC-MS), thermogravimetric analysis combined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA-FTIR), oscillating disc rheometer and static mechanical properties measurements. The obtained results showed that bitumen plasticizer prevents oxidation of GTR during microwave treatment and simultaneously improves processing and thermal stability of obtained reclaimed rubber.

scholarly journals Preliminary Investigation on Auto-Thermal Extrusion of Ground Tire Rubber

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 2090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Zedler ◽  
Daria Kowalkowska-Zedler ◽  
Henri Vahabi ◽  
Mohammad Reza Saeb ◽  
Xavier Colom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Thermal Extrusion

Ground tire rubber (GTR) was processed using an auto-thermal extrusion as a prerequisite to green reclaiming of waste rubbers. The reclaimed GTR underwent a series of tests: thermogravimetric analysis combined with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA-FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and static headspace and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SHS-GC-MS) in order to evaluate the impact of barrel heating conditions (with/without external barrel heating) on the reclaiming process of GTR. Moreover, samples were cured to assess the impact of reclaiming heating conditions on curing characteristics and physico-mechanical properties. Detailed analysis of the results indicated that the application of auto-thermal extrusion is a promising approach for the sustainable development of reclaiming technologies.

The Utilization of Ground Tire Rubber as Ion Exchange Materials

2018 ◽  
Vol 382 ◽  
pp. 352-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supitcha Rungrodnimitchai ◽  
Sirinapa Mayod ◽  
Sutamma Tanasarn
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Carboxyl Content ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
Ft Ir

In this study, ground tire rubber (R-GTR) with the average particle size of 456 µm was chemically modified to produce modified ground tire rubber (M-GTR) that can work as ion exchange materials. The modification was performed by oxidation reaction. The ground tire rubber was oxidized at the range of temperature from 20 to 40๐C for 48, 72 and 96 hours by a mixture of the HNO3/H3PO4/NaNO2system. The HNO3/H3PO4ratio was 1:3 and the concentration of NaNO2was 1.4% w/v. FT-IR revealed that the carboxyl group or the carbonyl group was successfully introduced into the modified ground tire rubber and SEM images demonstrated that the porosity of modified ground tire rubber increased. The results of the modified ground tire rubber showed that the carboxyl content increased with an increase of reaction time while %yield decreased with an increase of reaction time. The optimum condition for modification was the reaction at 30๐C for 96 hours.

Effect of dicumyl peroxide and phenolic resin as a mixed curing system on the mechanical properties and morphology of TPVs based on HDPE/ground tire rubber

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 1907-1916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maoyong He ◽  
Yingchun Li ◽  
Bing Qiao ◽  
Xinghui Ma ◽  
Jingjing Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Phenolic Resin ◽  
Dicumyl Peroxide ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber

Thermoplastic elastomers based on high-density polyethylene, ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer, and ground tire rubber dynamically vulcanized with dicumyl peroxide

2013 ◽  
Vol 131 (4) ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Idalia Narro Céspedes ◽  
José Francisco Hernández Gámez ◽  
María Guadalupe Neira Velázquez ◽  
Felipe Ávalos Belmontes ◽  
Ramón Enrique Díaz de León ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Density Polyethylene ◽  
Thermoplastic Elastomers ◽  
High Density ◽  
Dicumyl Peroxide ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Ethylene Propylene ◽  
Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer

scholarly journals Reactive Sintering of Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) Modified by a Trans-Polyoctenamer Rubber and Curing Additives

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3018
Author(s):  
Łukasz Zedler ◽  
Daria Kowalkowska-Zedler ◽  
Xavier Colom ◽  
Javier Cañavate ◽  
Mohammad Reza Saeb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Reactive Sintering ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Melting Kinetics ◽  
Waste Rubber ◽  
Curing Characteristics ◽  
Kinetics Of

The proposed method of ground tire rubber (GTR) utilization involves the application of trans-polyoctenamer rubber (TOR), a commercially available waste rubber modifier. The idea was to investigate the influence of various curing additives (sulfur, N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide (CBS), dibenzothiazole disulfide (MBTS) and di-(2-ethyl)hexylphosphorylpolysulfide (SDT)) on curing characteristics, physico-mechanical, thermal, acoustic properties as well as the morphology of modified GTR, in order to evaluate the possibility of reclaiming GTR and the co-cross-linking between applied components. The results showed that the presence of the modifier without the addition of curing additives hinders the physico-mechanical properties of revulcanized GTR. The addition of SDT, CBS, MBTS and sulfur change the melting kinetics of TOR, indicating partial degradation and/or co-cross-linking between components. In the studied conditions, the best mechanical properties were obtained by the samples cured with sulfur. The morphology analysis, combined with the physico-mechanical results, indicated that when the surface of the GTR is more developed, obtained by the addition of TOR, the properties of the GTR improve.

scholarly journals The Impact of Ground Tire Rubber Oxidation with H2O2 and KMnO4 on the Structure and Performance of Flexible Polyurethane/Ground Tire Rubber Composite Foams

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 499
Author(s):  
Aleksander Hejna ◽  
Adam Olszewski ◽  
Łukasz Zedler ◽  
Paulina Kosmela ◽  
Krzysztof Formela
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Polyurethane Composite ◽  
Composite Foams ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Flexible Polyurethane ◽  
The Impact

The use of waste tires is a very critical issue, considering their environmental and economic implications. One of the simplest and the least harmful methods is conversion of tires into ground tire rubber (GTR), which can be introduced into different polymer matrices as a filler. However, these applications often require proper modifications to provide compatibility with the polymer matrix. In this study, we examined the impact of GTR oxidation with hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate on the processing and properties of flexible polyurethane/GTR composite foams. Applied treatments caused oxidation and introduction of hydroxyl groups onto the surface of rubber particles, expressed by the broad range of their hydroxyl numbers. It resulted in noticeable differences in the processing of the polyurethane system and affected the structure of flexible composite foams. Treatment with H2O2 resulted in a 31% rise of apparent density, while the catalytic activity of potassium ions enhanced foaming of system decreased density by 25% and increased the open cell content. Better mechanical performance was noted for H2O2 modifications (even by 100% higher normalized compressive strength), because of the voids in cell walls and incompletely developed structure during polymerization, accelerated by KMnO4 treatment. This paper shows that modification of ground tire rubber is a very promising approach, and when properly performed may be applied to engineer the structure and performance of polyurethane composite foams.

scholarly journals Processing, Performance Properties, and Storage Stability of Ground Tire Rubber Modified by Dicumyl Peroxide and Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymers

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 4014
Author(s):  
Paulina Wiśniewska ◽  
Łukasz Zedler ◽  
Krzysztof Formela
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Storage Stability ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Dicumyl Peroxide ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Performance Properties ◽  
And Storage

In this paper, ground tire rubber was modified with dicumyl peroxide and a variable content (in the range of 0–15 phr) of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers characterized by different vinyl acetate contents (in the range of 18–39 wt.%). Modification of ground tire rubber was performed via an auto-thermal extrusion process in which heat was generated during internal shearing of the material inside the extruder barrel. The processing, performance properties, and storage stability of modified reclaimed ground tire rubber were evaluated based on specific mechanical energy, infrared camera images, an oscillating disc rheometer, tensile tests, equilibrium swelling, gas chromatography combined with a flame ionization detector, and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. It was found that the developed formulas of modified GTR allowed the preparation of materials characterized by tensile strengths in the range of 2.6–9.3 MPa and elongation at break in the range of 78–225%. Moreover, the prepared materials showed good storage stability for at least three months and satisfied processability with commercial rubbers (natural rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber).

scholarly journals Investigating the Impact of Curing System on Structure-Property Relationship of Natural Rubber Modified with Brewery By-Product and Ground Tire Rubber

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Zedler ◽  
Xavier Colom ◽  
Javier Cañavate ◽  
Mohammad Reza Saeb ◽  
Józef T. Haponiuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Hybrid Filler ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact

The application of wastes as a filler/reinforcement phase in polymers is a new strategy to modify the performance properties and reduce the price of biocomposites. The use of these fillers, coming from agricultural waste (cellulose/lignocellulose-based fillers) and waste rubbers, constitutes a method for the management of post-consumer waste. In this paper, highly-filled biocomposites based on natural rubber (NR) and ground tire rubber (GTR)/brewers’ spent grain (BSG) hybrid reinforcements, were prepared using two different curing systems: (i) sulfur-based and (ii) dicumyl peroxide (DCP). The influence of the amount of fillers (in 100/0, 50/50, and 0/100 ratios in parts per hundred of rubber) and type of curing system on the final properties of biocomposites was evaluated by the oscillating disc rheometer, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, swelling behavior, tensile testing, and impedance tube measurements. The results show, that the scorch time and the optimum curing time values of sulfur cured biocomposites are affected by the change of the hybrid filler ratio while using the DCP curing system, and the obtained values do not show significant variations. The results conclude that the biocomposites cured with sulfur have better physico-mechanical and acoustic absorption, and that the type of curing system does not influence their thermal stability. The overall analysis indicates that the difference in final properties of highly filled biocomposites cured with two different systems is mainly affected by the: (i) cross-linking efficiency, (ii) partial absorption and reactions between fillers and used additives, and (iii) affinity of additives to applied fillers.

scholarly journals Studies on the Synergistic Effects of Bitumen Plasticization and Microwave Treatment on Short-Term Devulcanization of Ground Tire Rubber (GTR)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Zedler ◽  
Marek Klein ◽  
Mohammad Reza Saeb ◽  
Xavier Colom ◽  
Javier Cañavate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Microwave Treatment ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
Static Mechanical ◽  
Combined Impact ◽  
Static Mechanical Properties

In this paper, ground tire rubber (GTR) was mechano-chemically modified with road bitumen 160/220 and subsequently treated using a microwave radiation. The combined impact of bitumen 160/220 content and microwave treatment on short-term devulcanization of GTR were studied by thermal camera, wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (WD-XRF), static headspace and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SHS-GC-MS), thermogravimetric analysis combined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA-FTIR), oscillating disc rheometer and static mechanical properties measurements. The obtained results showed that bitumen plasticizer prevent oxidation of GTR during microwave treatment and simultaneously improves processing and thermal stability of obtained reclaimed rubber. 

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