scholarly journals Fused Deposition Modelling of Natural Fibre/Polylactic Acid Composites

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Natural Fibre ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition

scholarly journals Current State and Challenges of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites as Feeder in FDM-Based 3D Printing

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 2289
Author(s):  
Nishata Royan Rajendran Royan ◽  
Jie Sheng Leong ◽  
Wai Nam Chan ◽  
Jie Ren Tan ◽  
Zainon Sharmila Binti Shamsuddin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Natural Fibre ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Current State ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Raster Angle ◽  
Fibre Reinforced Polymer

As one of the fastest-growing additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, fused deposition modelling (FDM) shows great potential in printing natural fibre-reinforced composites (NFRC). However, several challenges, such as low mechanical properties and difficulty in printing, need to be overcome. Therefore, the effort to improve the NFRC for use in AM has been accelerating in recent years. This review attempts to summarise the current approaches of using NFRC as a feeder for AM. The effects of fibre treatments, composite preparation methods and addition of compatibilizer agents were analysed and discussed. Additionally, current methods of producing feeders from NFRCs were reviewed and discussed. Mechanical property of printed part was also dependent on the printing parameters, and thus the effects of printing temperature, layer height, infill and raster angle were discussed, and the best parameters reported by other researchers were identified. Following that, an overview of the mechanical properties of these composites as reported by various researchers was provided. Next, the use of optimisation techniques for NFRCs was discussed and analysed. Lastly, the review provided a critical discussion on the overall topic, identified all research gaps present in the use of NFRC for AM processes, and to overcome future challenges.

Effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties of 3D printed polylactic acid parts

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
Pulkin Gupta ◽  
Sudha Kumari ◽  
Abhishek Gupta ◽  
Ankit Kumar Sinha ◽  
Prashant Jindal
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Recrystallization Temperature ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Dog Bone ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Maximum Decrease ◽  
3D Printed

Abstract Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a layer-by-layer manufacturing process type of 3D-printing (3DP). Significant variation in the mechanical properties of 3D printed specimens is observed because of varied process parameters and interfacial bonding between consecutive layers. This study investigates the influence of heat treatment on the mechanical strength of FDM 3D printed Polylactic acid (PLA) parts with constant 3DP parameters and ambient conditions. To meet the objectives, 7 sets, each containing 5 dog-bone shaped samples, were fabricated from commercially available PLA filament. Each set was subjected to heat treatment at a particular temperature for 1 h and cooled in the furnace itself, while one set was left un-treated. The temperature for heat treatment (Th) varied from 30 °C to 130 °C with increments of 10 °C. The heat-treated samples were characterized under tensile loading of 400 N and mechanical properties like Young’s modulus (E), Strain % ( ε ) and Stiffness (k) were evaluated. On comparing the mechanical properties of heat-treated samples to un-treated samples, significant improvements were observed. Heat treatment also altered the geometries of the samples. Mechanical properties improved by 4.88 % to 10.26 % with the maximum being at Th of 110 °C and below recrystallization temperature (Tr) of 65 °C. Deformations also decreased significantly at higher temperatures above 100 °C, by a maximum of 36.06 %. The dimensions of samples showed a maximum decrease of 1.08 % in Tr range and a maximum decrease of 0.31 % in weight at the same temperature. This study aims to benefit the society by establishing suitable Th to recover the lost strength in PLA based FDM 3D printed parts.

scholarly journals Effect of Perforation Volume on Acoustic Absorption of the 3D Printed Micro-Perforated Panels made of Polylactic Acid reinforced with Wood Fibers

2021 ◽  
Vol 2120 (1) ◽  
pp. 012039
Author(s):  
V Sekar ◽  
S Y Eh Noum ◽  
S Sivanesan ◽  
A Putra ◽  
Dg H Kassim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Acoustic Absorption ◽  
Wood Fibers ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Impedance Tube Method

Abstract In recent times, Additive Manufacturing (AM) has been applied rapidly in almost all fields. This study was conducted to apply the additive manufacturing into an acoustic application by 3D printing the Micro-Perforated Panels (MPP) through Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) made of Polylactic Acid (PLA) reinforced with wood fibers. MPP were fabricated by altering its perforation volume. Later, the effect of perforation volume on acoustic absorption of the fabricated MPP was measured using the two-microphone impedance tube method as per ISO 10534-2 standard. The result shows altering the perforation volume affects the acoustic absorption of the MPP. MPP with a thickness of 2 mm and a perforation diameter of 0.2 mm shows the maximum sound absorption coefficient of 0.93 at 2173 Hz. It is made possible to absorb the 3D printed MPP made of natural fiber reinforced composite at different spectrums by altering the perforation volume.

scholarly journals On the Relationship between Mechanical Properties and Crystallisation of Chemically Post-Processed Additive Manufactured Polylactic Acid Pieces

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 941 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.P. Valerga ◽  
S.R. Fernandez-Vidal ◽  
F. Girot ◽  
A.J. Gamez
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Maximum Stress ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Material Behaviour ◽  
Time Consumption ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hardness Scale ◽  
The Relationship

Nowadays, improvement of the surface finish of parts manufactured by fused deposition modelling is a well-studied topic. Chemical post-treatments have proven to be the best technique in terms of time consumption and smoothness improvement. However, these treatments modify the structure of the material and, consequently, its mechanical properties. This relationship was studied in this work. In this case, on the basis of a previous study on crystallisation, polylactic acid pieces were subjected to different post-treatments to evaluate their effects on the sample’s mechanical properties, i.e., tensile strength and hardness. Models were obtained according to their percentage of crystallisation, which was related to the different treatments, as well as immersion time. Dramatic changes were obtained within a wide range of material behaviour with some treatments. Specifically, changes were obtained in the maximum stress (from 55 to 20 MPa), in elongation (from 3% to 260%), and in the hardness scale (Shore D to A).

scholarly journals Impact of Chemical Post-Processing in Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) on Polylactic Acid (PLA) Surface Quality and Structure

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Valerga ◽  
Moises Batista ◽  
Severo Fernandez-Vidal ◽  
Antonio Gamez
Keyword(s):  
Glass Transition ◽  
Thermal Resistance ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Surface Finish ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Biodegradable Material ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Property Changes

The application of techniques to improve the surface finish of pieces obtained by fused deposition modelling, as well as other functional aspects, is of great interest nowadays. Polylactic acid, a biodegradable material, has been considered a possible substitute for petroleum-based polymers. In this work, different chemical post-processing methods are applied to polylactic acid pieces obtained by fused deposition modelling and some characteristics are studied. Structural, thermal, and crystallinity property changes are analyzed according to the treatments applied. This can prevent degradation, eliminate the glass transition phase of the material, and thereby increase the thermal resistance by about 50 °C. An improvement in the roughness of the pieces of up to 97% was also found.

An Analysis on Finding the Optimum Die Angle of Polylactic Acid in Fused Deposition Modelling

2016 ◽  
Vol 835 ◽  
pp. 254-259
Author(s):  
Nor Aiman Sukindar ◽  
Mohd Khairol Anuar Mohd Ariffin
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Scaffold Design ◽  
Fused Deposition

Rapid prototyping (RP) has been known as one of the advanced technology that grows tremendously over the few years. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is one of the RP technologies, which is commonly used in producing three dimensional products. The study focus on the effect of dies angle in FDM nozzle and finds the optimum angle know as natural convergent angle (2θo).Polylactic acid (PLA) has been chosen as the material due to lots of advantages including biodegradability and acts as the base material for reconstructive structure for bone material. Extruding PLA material effectively is utilized under simulation method and the data obtain has been recorded. Die angle has been varied from 80o until 160o and it shows a different effect in pressure drop. Pressure drop need to be observed as it affects the road width of scaffold design, thus affecting the quality of the extruded part. The natural convergence angle (2θo) should be closed as to the die angle (2α) in order to get stability and consistency scaffold design. The natural convergent angle is found at 130o and can be considered as optimum die angle.

Effect of Printing Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Parts Fabricated with Open-Source 3D Printers in PLA by Fused Deposition Modeling

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 895-908
Author(s):  
M. Ouhsti ◽  
B. El Haddadi ◽  
S. Belhouideg
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printers ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
Printed Materials ◽  
Printing Parameters

Abstract3D polymer-based printers have become easily accessible to the public. Usually, the technology used by these 3D printers is Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). The majority of these 3D printers mainly use acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA) to fabricate 3D objects. In order for the printed parts to be useful for specific applications, the mechanical properties of the printed parts must be known. The aim of this study is to determine the tensile strength and elastic modulus of printed materials in polylactic acid (PLA) according to three important printing parameters such as deposition angle, extruder temperature and printing speed. The central composite design (CCD) was used to reduce the number of tensile test experiments. The obtained results show that the mechanical properties of printed parts depend on printing parameters. Empirical models relating response and process parameters are developed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the validity of models relating response and printing parameters. The optimal printing parameters are determined for the desired mechanical properties.

scholarly journals Assessment of Static Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Polylactic Acid (PLA) on Entry-Level FDM 3D Printer

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-184
Author(s):  
Constantin-Romica Stoica ◽  
Raluca Maier ◽  
Anca Istrate ◽  
Andrei-Cristian Mandoc
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Technical Data ◽  
Entry Level ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Dog Bone ◽  
Static Mechanical ◽  
Printing Direction ◽  
Static Mechanical Properties

The paper presents the study on the static mechanical properties of PLA (Polylactic Acid) produced with entry-level additive technologies using three printing directions. During the experimental work were tested a total of 15 �dog bone� ASTM D638-14 standard specimens made from additively manufactured polymer (PLA) through FDM (Fused Deposition Modelling) technique, where the material and rectilinear pattern infill geometry and infill percentage of 100% were constant and the printing orientation was varied. Usually technical data sheets that are delivered by filament materials producers include the most satisfactory data which are valid for only one specific printing direction. The printing direction is deliberately selected, in such way that the best material characteristics are achieved. In addition to this matter, as the additive manufacturing market grew significantly in the past couple of years, the filament production market showed a consequential growth. The aftermath of this expansion had a direct impact towards the quality and costs of the filaments used for 3D printing, in order to satisfy both the low-end and high-end users. Therefore, in this frame, the present research provides entry-level additively manufactured PLA performances showing significant changes depending on the different printing directions and determine the build orientation influence on the mechanical properties, in the aim of providing aid for both mechanical designer and product manufacturer at the stage of the printed product mechanical properties.

Analysis of the influence of polylactic acid (PLA) colour on FDM 3D printing temperature and part finishing

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1305-1316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Breda Soares ◽  
João Finamor ◽  
Fabio Pinto Silva ◽  
Liane Roldo ◽  
Luis Henrique Cândido
Keyword(s):  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
3D Print ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed

Purpose This paper aims to analyse the effect of different polylactic acid (PLA) colours used on fused deposition modelling (FDM), considering the product finishing quality produced with the same process conditions. Design/methodology/approach The methodology adopted was to design a virtual modelling object and three-dimensional (3D) print it with FDM with different PLA colours (natural, green and black), using the same parameters. 3D scanning and scanning electron microscopy was used to analyse the model finishing of each sample. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic mechanical analysis were used to characterize the material and verify if the colour affected its thermal behaviour. Findings Findings showed that different PLA colours lead to distinct 3D printed finishings under the same process conditions. Thermal analysis showed a reason for the printing finishing difference. The degradation temperatures and the glass temperatures vary depending on the PLA colour. This affects the FDM working temperature. Originality/value This study will contribute to improving the finishing quality of 3D printed products by collaborating to the determination of its process conditions.

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