scholarly journals Current State and Challenges of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites as Feeder in FDM-Based 3D Printing

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 2289
Author(s):  
Nishata Royan Rajendran Royan ◽  
Jie Sheng Leong ◽  
Wai Nam Chan ◽  
Jie Ren Tan ◽  
Zainon Sharmila Binti Shamsuddin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Natural Fibre ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Current State ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Raster Angle ◽  
Fibre Reinforced Polymer

As one of the fastest-growing additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, fused deposition modelling (FDM) shows great potential in printing natural fibre-reinforced composites (NFRC). However, several challenges, such as low mechanical properties and difficulty in printing, need to be overcome. Therefore, the effort to improve the NFRC for use in AM has been accelerating in recent years. This review attempts to summarise the current approaches of using NFRC as a feeder for AM. The effects of fibre treatments, composite preparation methods and addition of compatibilizer agents were analysed and discussed. Additionally, current methods of producing feeders from NFRCs were reviewed and discussed. Mechanical property of printed part was also dependent on the printing parameters, and thus the effects of printing temperature, layer height, infill and raster angle were discussed, and the best parameters reported by other researchers were identified. Following that, an overview of the mechanical properties of these composites as reported by various researchers was provided. Next, the use of optimisation techniques for NFRCs was discussed and analysed. Lastly, the review provided a critical discussion on the overall topic, identified all research gaps present in the use of NFRC for AM processes, and to overcome future challenges.

Investigating the Mechanical Behavior of 3D Printed PLA-Coco Coir Composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 1046 ◽  
pp. 125-132
Author(s):  
Paul Eric C. Maglalang ◽  
Blessie A. Basilia ◽  
Araceli Magsino Monsada
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Coir Fiber ◽  
Fiber Concentration ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Raster Angle ◽  
Composite Filament

It is quite amazing that the use of 3D printing techniques, especially the Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) has delivered such significance in terms of cost reduction, time saver features where a different variety of thermoplastic and composite materials (Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable) are well developed. Different sectors have continually developed natural organic materials that are also both structurally composite in nature. Similarly, the use of different fibers that are abundantly accessible and considered as renewable resources which can be optionally combined with other biodegradable materials is a great challenge through the use of the FDM printing method. The study aims to determine the effect of different particle size and raster angle at a certain fiber concentration which could affect the mechanical properties of the composite by developing a printable composite filament made of Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Coco Coir materials using a filament maker and FDM printer. The composite filament was fabricated and optimized using a twin-screw extruder and 3D Devo Filament maker. 3D printing of samples for mechanical testing was conducted using three (3) raster angles (45o, 60o, and 75o) and various particle sizes of coco coir fiber reinforcement in the PLA matrix. Results showed that the < 74μm particle size of the coco-coir exhibited a 24% and 175% increase in tensile strength and izod impact strength compared to the pure PLA at 60o and 75o raster angles, respectively. Likewise, the reinforcement of <149μm particle size coco coir at 45o raster angle contributes to an increase of 4.8% flexural and 176% compressive strength compared to pure PLA. The study concludes that there is an improvement in the mechanical properties of the PLA-Coco Coir composite at a certain particle size and raster angle in 3D printing.

Experimental investigation of FDM process for improvement of mechanical properties and production cost

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Durgun ◽  
Rukiye Ertan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Raster Angle ◽  
Part Orientation ◽  
Selection Of

Purpose – The mechanical properties and surface finish of functional parts are important consideration in rapid prototyping, and the selection of proper parameters is essential to improve manufacturing solutions. The purpose of this paper is to describe how parts manufactured by fused deposition modelling (FDM), with different part orientations and raster angles, were examined experimentally and evaluated to achieve the desired properties of the parts while shortening the manufacturing times due to maintenance costs. Design/methodology/approach – For this purpose, five different raster angles (0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°) for three part orientations (horizontal, vertical and perpendicular) have been manufactured by the FDM method and tested for surface roughness, tensile strength and flexural strength. Also, behaviour of the mechanical properties was clarified with scanning electron microscopy images of fracture surfaces. Findings – The research results suggest that the orientation has a more significant influence than the raster angle on the surface roughness and mechanical behaviour of the resulting fused deposition part. The results indicate that there is close relationship between the surface roughness and the mechanical properties. Originality/value – The results of this paper are useful in defining the most appropriate raster angle and part orientation in minimum production cost for FDM components on the basis of their expected in-service loading.

scholarly journals Experimental investigation of strength properties of 3D printed ABS composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 309 ◽  
pp. 01148
Author(s):  
Abdul Quader Shurjeel ◽  
Narendra Pothula ◽  
Eshwaraiah Punna
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Raster Angle ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Superior Mechanical Properties ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

Owing to the huge demand and dependency of the industry on the lightweight and superior mechanical properties products as well as components, the materials like CF-ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene reinforced with carbon fibers) and PC-ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene reinforced with polycarbonate) have gained utmost importance in the current scenario. The present research in this paper focuses on finding the mechanical properties, mainly the tensile, compression, and flexural properties of both the above-said materials. FDM (Fused Deposition Modelling) is used as the printing technique in this research as it is the most suitable and widely used for the selected materials. After experimentation, a comparison was made between the two materials, and it is found that the PC-ABS material is stronger in compression, tension as well as in flexural at all the parametric settings. The infill percentage was observed to be proportional to the strength of the material as expected. Triangular infill geometry was more strong in compression and flexural whereas grid infill geometry was strong in tension. produced stronger mechanical properties were observed for 0-degree raster angle in all the three criteria compared to the 45 and 90-degree raster angles. When the variation of the strength of the material with the infill geometry was observed, the infill geometry was more sensitive in compression and flexural compared to that in tension. The load vs. displacement curves have been plotted to depict the maximum load and the behavior of the material in the elastic and plastic regions.

scholarly journals Effect of Autoclave Pressure and Temperature on Consolidation of Layers and Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured (FDM) Products with PLA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Yousuf Pasha Shaik ◽  
Jens Schuster ◽  
Aarif Shaik ◽  
Mustafa Mohammed ◽  
Harshavardhan Reddy Katherapalli
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Concentric Pattern ◽  
Raster Angle ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies

In additive manufacturing technologies, fused deposition modelling (FDM) is continuing its advancement from rapid prototyping to rapid manufacturing. However, effective usage of FDM is not performed due to the poor mechanical properties of the 3D-printed components. This drawback restricts their usage in many applications. Much research, such as reinforcing 3D-printed parts with fibers, changing printing parameters (infill density, infill concentration, extrusion temperature, nozzle diameter, layer thickness, raster angle, etc.) are aimed to increase the mechanical properties of 3D-printed parts. This research paper aims to investigate the effect of pressure and temperature on the mechanical properties and consolidation of layers of 3D-printed PLA (Polylactic Acid). Post-treatment was done using a customized autoclave. Autoclave has the capability to maintain 185 °C and 135 bar pressure. Three-dimensional-printed specimens were manufactured using the FDM process with two patterns. Later, the specimens were subjected to various post-treatment processes, then followed with testing and analysis of mechanical properties. Post-treatment process carried out by placing them in an autoclave at certain pressure and temperature conditions. To investigate the repeatability and tolerances, the test series includes a minimum of four to six test specimens. The results indicate that the concentric pattern yields the most desirable tensile, impact, and flexural strength due to the alignment of deposited rasters and better consolidation of layers with the loading direction. The pressure and temperature of the autoclave has a positive effect on the PLA samples, which helped them to reorganize the structure, hence strength properties were enhanced. The test results also compared with injection-molded samples for better understating.

Investigation of ABS-rice straw composite feedstock filament for FDM

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1067-1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Ali Osman ◽  
Mostafa R.A. Atia
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Fibre Content ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Raster Angle

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the development of a cost-effective acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)-rice straw (RS) composite filament for use in fused deposition modelling (FDM) and the effect of RS content on the mechanical properties of the developed filament.Design/methodology/approachRS and ABS were processed and mixed at varying fibre content (5-15 per cent). Filament using each mixture was produced using a single screw extruder. Tensile, flexural and water absorption specimens were prepared using a FDM machine. The mechanical properties were then tested following ASTM standards. Scanning electron microscope images of the specimens were also taken.FindingsTensile properties decreased as the RS content increased. However, specimens with a 0° raster angle showed better tensile properties than the 45° raster angle specimens, indicating that tensile properties of FDM parts are anisotropic. Flexural properties decreased as fibre content increased but increased at 15 per cent fibre content. Water absorption of the composite increased as the fibre content increased.Originality/valueThis paper highlights a new method of disposing of rice straw waste, by producing an ABS-RS filament for FDM. The resultant filament is cost-effective and can be used to produce cheap prototypes. This paper is the first that studies ABS-RS composites in FDM.

Effect of process parameters on tensile strength of FDM printed PLA part

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1317-1324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shilpesh R. Rajpurohit ◽  
Harshit K. Dave
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Type I ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Layer Height ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Anisotropic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Raster Angle

PurposeThe purpose of this paper to study the tensile strength of the fused deposition modelling (FDM) printed PLA part. In recent times, FDM has been evolving from rapid prototyping to rapid manufacturing where parts fabricated by FDM process can be directly used for application. However, application of FDM fabricated part is significantly affected by poor and anisotropic mechanical properties. Mechanical properties of FDM part can be improved by proper selection of process parameters.Design/methodology/approachIn the present study, three process parameter, namely, raster angle, layer height and raster width, have been selected to study their effect on tensile properties. Parts are fabricated as per ASTM D638 Type I standard.FindingsIt has been observed that the highest tensile strength obtained at 0° raster angle. Lower value of layer height is observed to be good for higher tensile strength because of higher bonding area between the layers. At higher value of raster width, tensile strength is improved up to certain extent after which presence of void reduces the tensile strength.Originality/valueIn the present investigation, layer height and raster width have been also varied along with raster angle to study their effect on the tensile strength of FDM printed PLA part.

Tensile Properties of Processed FDM Polycarbonate Material

2010 ◽  
Vol 654-656 ◽  
pp. 2556-2559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed H. Masood ◽  
Kalpeshkumar Mau ◽  
W.Q. Song
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Rapid Prototyping ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Raster Angle

Knowledge of the mechanical properties of parts processed by Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) rapid prototyping process is essential for engineering applications of such parts as the mechanical strength of parts depends heavily on the FDM process parameters selected during part fabrication. Little knowledge is available for the Polycarbonate (PC) material used in the FDM systems. This paper presents results of the experimental work on the effect of the FDM process parameters such as air gap, raster width, and raster angle on the tensile properties of PC. Results show that FDM made parts have tensile strength in the range of 70 to 75 % of the moulded and extruded PC parts. The results will be valuable for different functional applications of FDM produced parts and assemblies.

scholarly journals A Review on Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites under Various Strain Rates

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Tan Ke Khieng ◽  
Sujan Debnath ◽  
Ernest Ting Chaw Liang ◽  
Mahmood Anwar ◽  
Alokesh Pramanik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Polymer Composites ◽  
Stress Transfer ◽  
Natural Fibre ◽  
Transfer Efficiency ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Fibre Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Fibre Matrix

With the lightning speed of technological evolution, the demand for high performance yet sustainable natural fibres reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) are rising. Especially a mechanically competent NFPCs under various loading conditions are growing day by day. However, the polymers mechanical properties are strain-rate dependent due to their viscoelastic nature. Especially for natural fibre reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) which the involvement of filler has caused rather complex failure mechanisms under different strain rates. Moreover, some uneven micro-sized natural fibres such as bagasse, coir and wood were found often resulting in micro-cracks and voids formation in composites. This paper provides an overview of recent research on the mechanical properties of NFPCs under various loading conditions-different form (tensile, compression, bending) and different strain rates. The literature on characterisation techniques toward different strain rates, composite failure behaviours and current challenges are summarised which have led to the notion of future study trend. The strength of NFPCs is generally found grow proportionally with the strain rate up to a certain degree depending on the fibre-matrix stress-transfer efficiency. The failure modes such as embrittlement and fibre-matrix debonding were often encountered at higher strain rates. The natural filler properties, amount, sizes and polymer matrix types are found to be few key factors affecting the performances of composites under various strain rates whereby optimally adjust these factors could maximise the fibre-matrix stress-transfer efficiency and led to performance increases under various loading strain rates.

scholarly journals Fused Deposition Modelling of Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Parametric Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Narongkorn Krajangsawasdi ◽  
Lourens G. Blok ◽  
Ian Hamerton ◽  
Marco L. Longana ◽  
Benjamin K. S. Woods ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Process Parameters ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Thermoplastic Composite ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Fibre Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Printing Parameters

Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a widely used additive layer manufacturing process that deposits thermoplastic material layer-by-layer to produce complex geometries within a short time. Increasingly, fibres are being used to reinforce thermoplastic filaments to improve mechanical performance. This paper reviews the available literature on fibre reinforced FDM to investigate how the mechanical, physical, and thermal properties of 3D-printed fibre reinforced thermoplastic composite materials are affected by printing parameters (e.g., printing speed, temperature, building principle, etc.) and constitutive materials properties, i.e., polymeric matrices, reinforcements, and additional materials. In particular, the reinforcement fibres are categorized in this review considering the different available types (e.g., carbon, glass, aramid, and natural), and obtainable architectures divided accordingly to the fibre length (nano, short, and continuous). The review attempts to distil the optimum processing parameters that could be deduced from across different studies by presenting graphically the relationship between process parameters and properties. This publication benefits the material developer who is investigating the process parameters to optimize the printing parameters of novel materials or looking for a good constituent combination to produce composite FDM filaments, thus helping to reduce material wastage and experimental time.

Effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties of 3D printed polylactic acid parts

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
Pulkin Gupta ◽  
Sudha Kumari ◽  
Abhishek Gupta ◽  
Ankit Kumar Sinha ◽  
Prashant Jindal
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Recrystallization Temperature ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Dog Bone ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Maximum Decrease ◽  
3D Printed

Abstract Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a layer-by-layer manufacturing process type of 3D-printing (3DP). Significant variation in the mechanical properties of 3D printed specimens is observed because of varied process parameters and interfacial bonding between consecutive layers. This study investigates the influence of heat treatment on the mechanical strength of FDM 3D printed Polylactic acid (PLA) parts with constant 3DP parameters and ambient conditions. To meet the objectives, 7 sets, each containing 5 dog-bone shaped samples, were fabricated from commercially available PLA filament. Each set was subjected to heat treatment at a particular temperature for 1 h and cooled in the furnace itself, while one set was left un-treated. The temperature for heat treatment (Th) varied from 30 °C to 130 °C with increments of 10 °C. The heat-treated samples were characterized under tensile loading of 400 N and mechanical properties like Young’s modulus (E), Strain % ( ε ) and Stiffness (k) were evaluated. On comparing the mechanical properties of heat-treated samples to un-treated samples, significant improvements were observed. Heat treatment also altered the geometries of the samples. Mechanical properties improved by 4.88 % to 10.26 % with the maximum being at Th of 110 °C and below recrystallization temperature (Tr) of 65 °C. Deformations also decreased significantly at higher temperatures above 100 °C, by a maximum of 36.06 %. The dimensions of samples showed a maximum decrease of 1.08 % in Tr range and a maximum decrease of 0.31 % in weight at the same temperature. This study aims to benefit the society by establishing suitable Th to recover the lost strength in PLA based FDM 3D printed parts.

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