scholarly journals Caries Experience of Adults with Intellectual Disability in the Western Part of Germany

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2602
Author(s):  
Peter Schmidt ◽  
Michael Egermann ◽  
Claudia Sauerland ◽  
Andreas G. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Independent Living ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Fissure Sealant ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Adults With Intellectual Disabilities

Background: In Germany, there is limited evidence on the oral health of adults with intellectual disabilities (AwID). Methods: In 2017/18, dental examinations of AwID and a questionnaire survey of their legal guardians were carried out. The mean D3MFT values were calculated to describe the caries experience. The prevalence of AwID with at least one fissure sealant (FS) was determined and associations between caries experience and various sociodemographic factors (e.g., age, gender, living arrangements) were investigated. Results: The data of 132 AwID (mean age 35.2 years; range 18–69 years) could be included. For all AwIDs the mean D3MFT value was 9.5 (95% CI 8.1–11.0). The mean D3MFT value for the 35–44-year-olds was 10.9 (95% CI 8.4–13.4). All caries-free persons (n = 14) were younger than 45 years. Furthermore, the mean D3MFT value for AwID living with their parents was lower at a statistically significant level than that of AwID in independent living arrangements. Moreover, younger AwIDs (18–34-year-olds) with at least one FS had a statistically significantly lower mean D3MFT value compared to those without any FS (D3MFT: 3.0 vs. 6.7). Conclusions: The dental health of AwID has improved in Germany in recent years, but, on average, AwIDs still have more missing teeth than their peers in the general population. Oral epidemiological studies on AwID should include information on their living arrangements to assess potential associations between sociodemographic factors and oral health.

scholarly journals Assessment of Parents’ Oral Health Literacy and Its Association with Caries Experience of Their Preschool Children

Children ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Abdul Habeeb Adil ◽  
Sumaiya Zabin Eusufzai ◽  
Aimi Kamruddin ◽  
Wan Muhamad Amir Wan Ahmad ◽  
Nafij Bin Jamayet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Health Literacy ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Oral Health Literacy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

(1) Purpose: To assess the oral health literacy (OHL) of parents and its association with the caries experience of their preschool children attending the Hospital University Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia. (2) Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study involving a systematic random sampling method, using a sample of 230 parent/preschool child dyads. Among 230 parents, 24 were males and 206 were females (mean age 31.43 ± 5.82); among 230 children, 92 were boys and 138 were girls (mean age 4.82 ± 1.04) attending the pedodontics clinic, HUSM, who participated and met the inclusion criteria. A structured, self-administered oral health literacy questionnaire including sociodemographic factors was used in this study. A child’s oral examination was performed to check the dmft (decayed, missing, filled teeth) status. Statistical analysis was done using descriptive and Spearman’s correlation analysis and multivariate regression analysis. (3) Results: The mean dmft score of children in relation to the OHL level of parents showed a significant difference (p < 0.00). The mean dmft score of children in relation to the OHL level of parents showed the following relationships: Inadequate (7.49 ± 4.10) followed by marginal (3.28 ± 2.67) and then adequate (0.55 ± 1.55). The incidence of caries amongst children in relation to parental employment was more associated with unemployed parents (6.11 ± 4.43) than with employed parents (2.79 ± 3.65). The caries experience amongst children in relation to education of their parents revealed a significant difference (p < 0.001), and the mean dmft score was high amongst preschool children with primary school qualified parents (10.7 ± 4.10) followed by high school (7.04 ± 3.68), vocational (5.81 ± 3.57), diploma (2.61 ± 2.81), and university (1.29 ± 2.27), respectively. The results revealed a valid significant difference (negative correlation, rs = −0.753 **) between the OHL of parents with the dmft score of their preschool children. The age and gender of parents was not significantly associated with OHL, whereas ethnicity (positive correlation, rs = 0.283 **), education (positive correlation, rs = 0.865 **), and employment (negative correlation, rs = −0.490 **) were found to be significant. Conclusion: We conclude that there is a significant association between the OHL of parents with the dmft score of their preschool children. The logistic regression showed that after adjustment for sociodemographic factors, parents’ gender (OR = 0.067, 95% CI: 0.012–0.360), parents’ employment status (OR = 3.247, 95% CI: 0.897–11.754), parents’ OHL score (OR = 0.042, 95% CI: 0.016–0.114), and child age (OR = 2.195, 95% CI: 1.249–3.857) were significantly associated with dental caries in children. Our study concluded that parents’ employment status, age, gender, OHL, and child’s age were significantly associated with the caries experience of their preschool children.

National Survey of Caries Prevalence in 6-15-year-old Children in France

1989 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.M. Cahen ◽  
J.C. Turlot ◽  
R.M. Frank ◽  
A.M. Obry-Musset
Keyword(s):  
Dental Health ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Dental Surgery ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Dmft Index ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Carious Teeth ◽  
Baseline Examination

The prevalence of dental caries in France is not known on a nationwide basis, despite the fact that a number of epidemiological studies have been conducted in various parts of the country. The aim of the present study was to provide a national baseline examination of the dental health of children in 1987 since, beginning in November, 1986, the sale of fluoridated salt began in France. A multi-stage probability sample of 19,366 children was selected as representative of the 6-to-15-year-old population. The sample covered all the 95 departments of France. Teams of well-calibrated examiners were constituted in each of the sixteen Faculties of Dental Surgery of France. The prevalence of caries for each age group was determined by means of DMFT, DMFS, dft, and dfs indices. Periodontal conditions were assessed by means of the Plaque Index (Silness and Löe, 1964), the Calculus Index (Marthaler, 1966), and the Gingival Index (Löe and Silness, 1963). Calculation of the mean DMFT index showed, respectively, 0.5 and 1.0 new carious teeth per year under and over the age of 11. The mean values of the DMFT index at ages 6, 12, and 15 were, respectively, 0.5, 4.2, and 6.9. Under the age of 11, the mean DMFS index increased by one between each successive age group and by nearly two over the age of 11. The mean values of the DMFS index at ages 6, 12, and 15 were, respectively, 0.8, 7.6, and 13.0. The percentage of caries-free children decreased from 32.2% at age 6 to 7.9% at age 15.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Dental Caries among Adults in a Rural Area in India

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 382-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ami M Maru ◽  
Sena Narendran
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
General Health ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Oral Health Status ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Treatment Needs

ABSTRACT Background Data on epidemiology of dental caries of adults in rural India appear to be sparse. Objective The purpose of the study was to assess the oral health status and dental treatment needs of a rural Indian population. Materials and methods The study population consisted of 189 volunteer subjects with a mean age of 34.9 ± 14.2 years and 54% males. Decayed, missing due to caries and filled teeth (DMFT) and tooth surfaces (DMFS) assessed the dental caries experience. Structured interviews collected data on perception of health including oral health, oral hygiene practices and snacking habits. Results While only 38.1% perceived themselves to be in good or very good dental health, nearly 85% felt the same about general health. The most common sugar exposure was sweetened tea; 75% consumed the beverage at least once a day. More than 80% of the subjects had untreated caries with mean DMFT and DMFS scores of 5.1 ± 3.9 and 13.8 ± 17.8, which lacked any gender differences. Dental treatment needs ranged from 16.9% two-surface fillings to 60.8% one-surface fillings; 23.8% crowns or bridges and 37.6% extractions. Those who perceived themselves to be in better oral health had significantly lower DMFT (4.0 ± 3.2 vs 5.9 ± 4.1) and DMFS (8.4 ± 11.7 vs 17.1 ± 20.0) scores (p < 0.05). A similar trend was observed between perception of general health and DMFT (4.8 ± 3.4 vs 7.0 ± 5.6) and DMFS (11.9 ± 13.7 vs 24.1 ± 30.7) scores. Conclusion Results indicate high levels of dental caries as well as dental treatment needs among the study participants. How to cite this article Maru AM, Narendran S. Epidemiology of Dental Caries among Adults in a Rural Area in India. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(3):382-388.

scholarly journals PEMBERDAYAAN KADER MELALUI PELATIHAN PENCEGAHAN DAN PENANGGULANGAN PENYAKIT GIGI DI SURABAYA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 259
Author(s):  
Titiek Berniyanti ◽  
Retno Palupi ◽  
Adriani Sari Fadilah ◽  
Nabilah Khansa Salsabila
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Educational Games ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Educational Game ◽  
Health Prevention ◽  
Mothers And Children ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

AbstrakDiketahui bahwa perilaku ibu dan anak memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan kejadian karies. Kesehatan mulut dan gigi merupakan sesuatu yang sangat penting bagi setiap individu di berbagai skala usia, termasuk anak-anak. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perilaku ibu tentang kesehatan gigi rongga mulut ditinjau dari predisposisi, pendorong, dan penguat sebagai faktor risiko keparahan karies gigi pada anak usia 4-6 tahun di Surabaya. Metode: Pelatihan dan Pemberdayaan kader / ibu tentang pencegahan dan penanggulangan penyakit gigi (Cegatan Pagi / Cegah dan Tangani Penyakit Gigi), dan edukasi melalui Game Edukasi Ular Tangga tentang Kesehatan Mulut dan Gigi Anak (Beruang Imut / Bermain). Ular Tangga Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut). Kesulitan ibu dalam mendidik anaknya tentang kesehatan gigi dan mulut dapat diatasi melalui permainan edukatif. Permainan ular tangga ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan pemahaman dan minat anak dalam menjaga kesehatan mulut. Kesulitan ibu dalam mendidik anaknya tentang kesehatan gigi dan mulut dapat diatasi melalui permainan edukasi. Hasil Utama: Nilai korelasi antara 2 variabel tersebut adalah -7,242 yang berarti hubungan tersebut kuat dan positif dengan tingkat signifikan 0,000. Nilai rata-rata sebesar -3,750 bertanda negatif, artinya nilai tersebut cenderung meningkat setelah diberikan perlakuan. Artinya negatif artinya ada kecenderungan skor meningkat setelah perawatan. Kesimpulan: Ada peningkatan tingkat pengetahuan tentang kesehatan gigi dan mulut pada responden kader ibu wali dan guru Taman Kanak-kanak.Kata kunci: deft, Keparahan karies Gigi, Pencegahan Penyakit Mulut, Perilaku Ibu AbstractIt is known that the behavior of mothers and children has a significant relationship to the incidence of caries. Oral and dental health is something that is very important for every individual at various age scales, including children. This article aims to determine Mothers behavior regarding oral dental health in terms of predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing as A Risk Factor of Dental Caries Severity Of 4-6 Years Children in Surabaya. Methods: Training and Empowerment of cadres/mothers about the prevention and management of dental disease (Cegatan Pagi/Cegah dan Tangani Penyakit Gigi) and providing education through the Snake and Ladder Educational Game on Children's Oral and Dental Health or (Beruang Imut/Bermain Ular Tangga Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut). Difficulties for mothers in teaching their children about oral and dental health can be overcome through educational games. It is hoped that the snakes and ladders game will be able to increase children's understanding and interest in maintaining oral health Difficulties for mothers in teaching their children about oral and dental health can be overcome through educational games. Main Result: The correlation value between the 2 variables is -7,242, which means that the relationship is strong and positive with a significant level of 0.000. The mean value of -3,750 is negative, it means that the score tends to increase after being given treatment. The mean is negative, it means the tendency of the score to increase after treatment Conclusion: There was an increase in the level of knowledge about dental and oral health among the respondents of the cadres of mother guardians and teachers of kindergarten.Keywords: Dental Carries Severity, def-mother’s Behavior, Oral Health Prevention

scholarly journals Oral Health Status among Migrants from Middle- and Low-Income Countries to Europe: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (22) ◽  
pp. 12203
Author(s):  
Dorina Lauritano ◽  
Giulia Moreo ◽  
Francesco Carinci ◽  
Vincenzo Campanella ◽  
Fedora Della Della Vella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Oral Health Status ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Caries Experience

Introduction. Economic inequality, political instability and globalization have contributed to the constant growth of the migration phenomenon in recent years. In particular, a total of 4.2 million people migrated to Europe during 2019 and most of them settled in Germany, France and Italy. Objectives. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of studies analyzing the oral health condition among migrants from middle- and low-income countries to Europe and assessing the eventual association between their sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics and oral health status. Materials and Methods. A systematic review was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus and Science Direct databases. After titles, abstracts and full-text examination, only 27 articles were selected on the basis of inclusion criteria and consequently included for quality assessments and data extraction. Results. Most of the studies reported a higher prevalence of caries experience, a poorer periodontal health and more difficulties in accessing dentalcare services among migrant groups compared with the non-migrant population. Inequalities were mostly associated with ethnic background, economic condition and social grade. Conclusion. Our review demonstrates the lack of dental health among migrants, underlining that their cultural beliefs and their social and economic living conditions could influence their oral health.

Development of Proxy and Self-report Burn Model System Pediatric Itch Interference Scales: A National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research Burn Model System Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dagmar Amtmann ◽  
Alyssa M Bamer ◽  
Kara McMullen ◽  
Karen Kowalske ◽  
Jeffrey C Schneider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Independent Living ◽  
Burn Injury ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Theory Model ◽  
Model System ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Proxy Report ◽  
Burn Survivors ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Pruritus is a commonly reported symptom after burn injury. Valid and reliable scales to measure itch in pediatric burn survivors are important for treatment and epidemiological studies. This study sought to develop psychometrically sound, publicly available self- and proxy-report measures of itch for use in pediatric burn survivors suitable for use in research and clinical practice. A panel of burn experts developed a definition of itch interference and a set of parallel self- and proxy-report candidate items that covered important activities affected by itch. Candidate items were evaluated in cognitive interviews with pediatric burn survivors (n = 4) and proxies (n = 2). Items were translated to Spanish and administered in both English and Spanish to a sample (N = 264) of pediatric burn survivors and/or their proxy enrolled in the Burn Model System (BMS) longitudinal database. The mean age of the pediatric sample was 13 years and average time since burn 5 years. The final itch interference measures each included 5 parallel items calibrated using a one-parameter graded response item response theory model, with a mean of 50 representing the average itch interference of the sample. Reliability of the scores is excellent between the mean and two standard deviations above. Initial analyses provide support for validity of the score. Concordance between the self- and proxy-report scores was moderate (ICC = 0.68). The results support the reliability and validity of the itch scale in children and youth with burn injury. The new BMS Pediatric Itch Interference scales are freely and publicly available at https://burndata.washington.edu/itch.

scholarly journals Dental Caries in European Adults and Senior Citizens 1996–2016: ORCA Saturday Afternoon Symposium in Greifswald, Germany – Part II

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana Christina Carvalho ◽  
Ulrich Schiffner
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Senior Citizens ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Health Habits ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
Year 2000

This review assesses the development of oral health habits and status in European adults (35–44 years old) and senior citizens (65–74 years old) over the period of 1996–2016. There seem to be good opportunities for improving oral health habits by brushing twice daily with fluoride toothpaste among adults, as only 33–85% reported doing so. Caries experience was extensive among adults (≥92%). In adults of 23 countries, the mean DMFT score ranged from 6.6 to 17.6 (median 12.1). In senior citizens of 21 countries, the mean DMFT score varied from 14.7 to 25.5 (median 22.0). Repeated cross-sectional studies on caries trends in adults revealed a reduction of the DMFT value by 20%, referring to country-wide data. Among senior citizens, the corresponding reduction was 13%, with a shift in the DMFT components, i.e., with lower MT and higher FT scores. Edentulousness in the age group of 35- to 44-year-olds started disappearing in Europe from the year 2000, and had been markedly reduced in some countries during the last decade. However, the eradication of edentulousness among 65- to 74-year-olds has not yet been reported. Further epidemiological surveys should apply caries diagnostic criteria that, besides representing our contemporary understanding of oral health care, allow comparisons with previous surveys using the WHO criteria. In conclusion, in the last two decades, a decline in caries was observed among European adults, and to a lesser extent among senior citizens. It is expected that the decline in caries will contribute to better oral health of individuals.

scholarly journals Perception of oral health and medical conditions as possible predictors of oral health status in visually impaired adolescents: a cross‐sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasrin Sharififard ◽  
Katayoun Sargeran ◽  
Mahdia Gholami
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Visually Impaired ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Oral Health Status ◽  
Medical Conditions ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gingival Health ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background We aimed to assess oral health and oral hygiene status among visually impaired adolescents and also to evaluate the factors related to their oral health. Methods This was a cross-sectional study among 130 visually impaired adolescents in Tehran, Iran, in December 2018. Of three schools for visually impaired children in Tehran, children in the sixth to the tenth grade (aged 12–17 years) were included after obtaining their parents’ consent. WHO oral health questionnaire for children was filled out through face to face interviews. General characteristics were age, gender, status of visual impairment, place of residence, and parental education level. Oral health-related questions were perceived dental and gingival health, dental self-care, dental visits, medical conditions, and dietary habits. Oral examinations included Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index, the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI‑S), and Bleeding on Probing (BOP). Univariate and multiple logistic regression tests were applied using STATA. Results The mean age (SD) of the adolescents was 14.45 (1.61) years. The fully blind children were 33.8%, and those with low vision were 66.2%. Regarding the perception of dental and gingival health, nearly half of the adolescents were satisfied. The mean DMFT and decayed component (DT) were 2.43 ± 2.24 and 1.92 ± 2.12, respectively. The frequency of DMFT ≥ 3 was 45.4%. The mean OHI-S was 2.01 ± 0.70, and OHI-S > 1.8 was reported in 60% of children. The prevalence of BOP was 79.2%. DMFT was significantly associated with toothache (P = 0.003, OR = 3.70, 95% CI: 1.54–9.09), perceived dental health (P = 0.005, OR = 3.06, 95% CI: 1.40–6.67), and medical conditions (P = 0.03, OR = 3.13, 95% CI: 1.13–8.68). In addition, OHI-S was related to gender (P = 0.02, OR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.15–0.83), perceived dental health (P = 0.006, OR = 2.87, 95% CI: 1.35–6.12) and medical conditions (P = 0.04, OR = 3.05, 95% CI: 1.04–8.97). BOP was associated with perceived gingival health (P = 0.02, OR = 2.94, 95% CI: 1.18–7.33). Conclusions Medical conditions and perceived dental and gingival health are possible predictors for oral health status in these adolescents. Although these children could not visualize caries or gingival bleeding during the brushing time, they could perceive the status of their oral health correctly. Also, being involved in medical problems can make more ignorance of oral health.

scholarly journals Oral Health among Adult Residents in Vilnius, Lithuania

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 582
Author(s):  
Milda Vitosyte ◽  
Alina Puriene ◽  
Indre Stankeviciene ◽  
Arunas Rimkevicius ◽  
Rita Trumpaite-Vanagiene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Oral Health Status ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Missing Teeth ◽  
Periodontal Status ◽  
Behavioral Determinants ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Oral Conditions

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) oral conditions may be determined by social, biological, behavioral, and psychosocial factors. The study assessed oral health status and its determinants associated with oral health conditions among adult residents in Vilnius, Lithuania. A total of 453 of 35–74-year-olds participated (response rate 63%). A self-reported questionnaire was administered. Dental caries experience (D3MFS score), periodontal probing depth (PPD), andnumber of missing teeth were assessed clinically. Data were analyzed using χ2 test, independent samples t-test, and multivariable linear regression. The mean (sd) of D3MFS scores was 67.3 (33.5), the mean (sd) number of teeth with PPD 4+ mm was 5.9 (5.3), prevalence of periodontitis was 33%, the mean (sd) number of missing teeth was 6.9 (6.8), and prevalence of total edentulism was 3.8%. Medication use was associated with all oral health conditions, while age was associated with caries experience, and missing teeth. Sugar-containing diet was associated with caries experience, and missing teeth, and smoking with caries experience and periodontal status. Systemic diseases were associated with periodontal status, while behavioral determinants, last dental visit, and use of fluoridated toothpaste were associated with missing teeth. Oral health status among adult Vilnius residents was poor. Oral conditions were associated with both biological and behavioral determinants. Oral health promotion should focus on modifying behavioral determinants.

scholarly journals Oral health status of 12-year-old children in Lisu minority ethnic group in China: a cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kitty Jieyi Chen ◽  
Juan Liu ◽  
Biao Xu ◽  
Yuexiao Li ◽  
Yanhong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Oral Health Status ◽  
World Health ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Gingival Bleeding ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background: Lisu is an ethnic minority group and most of them are living in Yunnan, China. This study investigated the oral health status among 12-year-old Lisu children in Yunnan.Method: This survey employed a multistage sampling method to recruit 12-year-old Lisu children. Two calibrated dentists performed the oral examinations in the primary schools. They examined dental caries, gingival bleeding and dental fluorosis using the diagnosis criteria recommended by the World Health Organization. A self-administrated questionnaire was distributed to the children to collect their sociodemographic background information and oral health-related behaviours. A chi-square test, the Mann-Whitney U test, zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression and multivariate logistic regression were used for statistical analysis.Results: This survey invited 512 children, and 482 children (48% boys) participated in the study (response rate: 94%). Their caries prevalence was 35% and their caries experience in mean (SD) DMFT scores was 0.63 (0.10). The mean (SD) DT score was 0.60 (1.10), consisting 95% of the mean DMFT scores. No dental fluorosis was observed; whereas 426 children (88%) had gingival bleeding. Results of ZINB model indicated sex and sugary-snacking habits were related to the dental caries experience (p<0.05). The gingival-bleeding prevalence was associated with the mother’s education level, the child’s monthly-pocket money and daily toothbrushing frequency (p<0.05).Conclusion: Dental caries and gingival bleeding were prevalent among 12-year-old Lisu children in the Yunnan province in China, and most of the decayed teeth were unrestored. Dental fluorosis was not observed in the children.

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