scholarly journals An Electroporation Device with Microbead-Enhanced Electric Field for Bacterial Inactivation

Inventions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanam Pudasaini ◽  
A. T. K. Perera ◽  
Syed. S. U. Ahmed ◽  
Yong Bing Chong ◽  
Sum Huan Ng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Field Strength ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Bacterial Inactivation ◽  
Positive Bacterium ◽  
Applied Electric Field Strength ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Local Electric Field Strength

This paper presents an electroporation device with high bacterial inactivation performance (~4.75 log removal). Inside the device, insulating silica microbeads are densely packed between two mesh electrodes that enable enhancement of the local electric field strength, allowing improved electroporation of bacterial cells. The inactivation performance of the device is evaluated using two model bacteria, including one Gram-positive bacterium (Enterococcus faecalis) and one Gram-negative bacterium (Escherichia coli) under various applied voltages. More than 4.5 log removal of bacteria is obtained for the applied electric field strength of 2 kV/cm at a flowrate of 4 mL/min. The effect of microbeads on the inactivation performance is assessed by comparing the performance of the microbead device with that of the device having no microbeads under same operating conditions. The comparison results show that only 0.57 log removal is achieved for the device having no microbeads—eightfold lower than for the device with microbeads.

scholarly journals Simulation of Carbon Nanotube-Based Enhancement of Cellular Electroporation under Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yan Mi ◽  
Quan Liu ◽  
Pan Li ◽  
Jin Xu
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Field Strength ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Pulsed Electric Fields ◽  
Local Electric Field ◽  
Killing Effect ◽  
Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields ◽  
Local Electric Field Strength

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with large aspect ratios and excellent electrical properties can enhance the killing effect of nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) on tumor cells, which can improve the electrical safety of nsPEF during tumor treatment. To study the mechanism of the CNT-enhanced killing effect of a nsPEF on tumor cells, a spherical, single-cell, five-layer dielectric model containing randomly distributed CNTs was established using COMSOL and MATLAB, and then, the effects of the addition of CNTs on the electric field and the electroporation effect on the inner and outer membranes were analyzed. The results showed that CNTs can enhance the local electric field strength due to a lightning rod effect, and the closer the CNT tip was to the cell, the greater the electric field strength was around the cell. This increase in the local electric field strength near the cells enhanced the electroporation effects, including pore density, pore area, and pore flux. The simulation results presented in this paper provide theoretical guidance for subsequent development of nsPEF combined with CNTs for use in both cell and tissue experiments.

Treatment of nanosized TiO2-containing wastewater by simultaneous electrocoagulation/electrofiltration

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 377-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.C.C. Yang ◽  
C.C. Chuang
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Field Strength ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Transmembrane Pressure ◽  
Crossflow Velocity ◽  
Nanosized Tio2

In this work, a simultaneous electrocoagulation/electrofiltration (EC/EF) treatment module was employed to treat nanosized TiO2-containing wastewater. Nanosized TiO2-containing wastewater was obtained and treated by a self-designed EC/EF treatment module. To evaluate the performance of this novel treatment module, the effects of electric field strength (EFS), transmembrane pressure (TMP), and crossflow velocity (CV) on permeate qualities were investigated. Permeate qualities of concern included pH, turbidity, conductivity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon (TOC). A full factorial design of experiments was adopted in this work. First, by keeping TMP and CV constant the effects of EFS on permeate qualities were studied. In this set of testing, it was noticed that an application of electric field greatly increased the filtration rate, which was further influenced by the magnitude of EFS. In all cases, the filtration rate decreased as the treatment time elapsed due mainly to fouling of the membrane. Further tests were conducted to study the effects of TMP on permeate qualities by keeping EFS and CV constant. Finally, the effects of CV on permeate qualities were studied by keeping EFS and TMP constant. It was found that the optimal operating conditions would be electric field strength of 166.7V/cm, transmembrane pressure of 1kgf/cm2, and crossflow velocity of 0.22cm/s. Under such conditions, permeate would have the following qualities: (1) pH, 6.32; (2) turbidity, 2.41NTU; (3) conductivity, 15.11μS/cm; (4) COD, 100.0mg/L; and (5) TOC, 512.6mg/L.

Electron Mobilities and Ranges in Liquid C1–C3 Hydrocarbons and in Xenon: Effects of Temperature and Field Strength

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 440-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice G. Robinson ◽  
Gordon R. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Field Strength ◽  
Temperature Coefficient ◽  
Applied Electric Field ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Secondary Electrons ◽  
Applied Electric Field Strength ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Arrhenius Temperature

Electron mobilities were measured in ethane, ethylene, propane, cyclopropane, and propylene to complete the studies of the lower hydrocarbons. The effect of temperature on the mobilities in these liquids and in methane, n-butane, and xenon were also measured. Examples of the data are given in the order mobility (cm2/Vs), temperature (K), Arrhenius temperature coefficient (kcal/mol): methane, 430, 140, −0.16; ethane, 0.97, 200, ∼3; ethylene, 0.0030, 170, —; propane, 0.55, 238, ∼3; n-butane, 0.073, 250, ∼4; cyclopropane, 0.0043, 234, ∼4; propylene, 0.008, 234, ∼4; xenon, ∼1200 at 40 V/cm, 198, 0. The mobilities in the C2–C4 hydrocarbons are independent of applied electric field strength E up to 20 kV/cm; that in methane is independent of E up to 2 kV/cm; that in xenon decreases as E−1/2 between 33 and 300 V/cm and decreases slightly more rapidly at higher field strengths. The density-normalized ranges of the secondary electrons in each of the liquids is independent of temperature. The correlation between the ranges of the secondary electrons and the mobilities of thermal electrons observed in other liquids (ref. 2) persists for the simple hydrocarbons.

scholarly journals Both Symmetric and Asymmetric Electro-Optic Dynamic Behavior with SSD (Smectic Single Domain) Liquid Crystals

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 337
Author(s):  
Akihiro Mochizuki
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Field Strength ◽  
Applied Electric Field ◽  
Switching Behavior ◽  
Applied Electric Field Strength ◽  
Smectic Liquid Crystal ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Molecular Stacking

SSD-liquid crystal panels’ retardation switching dynamic behaviors have been investigated from their in-plane and out-of-plane retardation switching behaviors. In-plane-only and a mixture between in-plane and out-of-plane retardation switching behaviors are highly related to the initial smectic liquid crystal molecular stacking configurations. With uniformly stacked configuration, a completely symmetric retardation switching, as well as light throughput behavior, was obtained. With a slight twisted stacking configuration, the retardation switching behavior is dependent on the applied electric field strength, which may change the initial molecular stacking configuration, resulting in either symmetric or asymmetric retardation switching. When the molecular stacking has twisted heavily, the obtained retardation switching showed asymmetric behavior regardless of the applied electric field strength.

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