scholarly journals Both Symmetric and Asymmetric Electro-Optic Dynamic Behavior with SSD (Smectic Single Domain) Liquid Crystals

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 337
Author(s):  
Akihiro Mochizuki
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Field Strength ◽  
Applied Electric Field ◽  
Switching Behavior ◽  
Applied Electric Field Strength ◽  
Smectic Liquid Crystal ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Molecular Stacking

SSD-liquid crystal panels’ retardation switching dynamic behaviors have been investigated from their in-plane and out-of-plane retardation switching behaviors. In-plane-only and a mixture between in-plane and out-of-plane retardation switching behaviors are highly related to the initial smectic liquid crystal molecular stacking configurations. With uniformly stacked configuration, a completely symmetric retardation switching, as well as light throughput behavior, was obtained. With a slight twisted stacking configuration, the retardation switching behavior is dependent on the applied electric field strength, which may change the initial molecular stacking configuration, resulting in either symmetric or asymmetric retardation switching. When the molecular stacking has twisted heavily, the obtained retardation switching showed asymmetric behavior regardless of the applied electric field strength.

Electron Mobilities and Ranges in Liquid C1–C3 Hydrocarbons and in Xenon: Effects of Temperature and Field Strength

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 440-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice G. Robinson ◽  
Gordon R. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Field Strength ◽  
Temperature Coefficient ◽  
Applied Electric Field ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Secondary Electrons ◽  
Applied Electric Field Strength ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Arrhenius Temperature

Electron mobilities were measured in ethane, ethylene, propane, cyclopropane, and propylene to complete the studies of the lower hydrocarbons. The effect of temperature on the mobilities in these liquids and in methane, n-butane, and xenon were also measured. Examples of the data are given in the order mobility (cm2/Vs), temperature (K), Arrhenius temperature coefficient (kcal/mol): methane, 430, 140, −0.16; ethane, 0.97, 200, ∼3; ethylene, 0.0030, 170, —; propane, 0.55, 238, ∼3; n-butane, 0.073, 250, ∼4; cyclopropane, 0.0043, 234, ∼4; propylene, 0.008, 234, ∼4; xenon, ∼1200 at 40 V/cm, 198, 0. The mobilities in the C2–C4 hydrocarbons are independent of applied electric field strength E up to 20 kV/cm; that in methane is independent of E up to 2 kV/cm; that in xenon decreases as E−1/2 between 33 and 300 V/cm and decreases slightly more rapidly at higher field strengths. The density-normalized ranges of the secondary electrons in each of the liquids is independent of temperature. The correlation between the ranges of the secondary electrons and the mobilities of thermal electrons observed in other liquids (ref. 2) persists for the simple hydrocarbons.

scholarly journals An Electroporation Device with Microbead-Enhanced Electric Field for Bacterial Inactivation

Inventions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanam Pudasaini ◽  
A. T. K. Perera ◽  
Syed. S. U. Ahmed ◽  
Yong Bing Chong ◽  
Sum Huan Ng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Field Strength ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Bacterial Inactivation ◽  
Positive Bacterium ◽  
Applied Electric Field Strength ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Local Electric Field Strength

This paper presents an electroporation device with high bacterial inactivation performance (~4.75 log removal). Inside the device, insulating silica microbeads are densely packed between two mesh electrodes that enable enhancement of the local electric field strength, allowing improved electroporation of bacterial cells. The inactivation performance of the device is evaluated using two model bacteria, including one Gram-positive bacterium (Enterococcus faecalis) and one Gram-negative bacterium (Escherichia coli) under various applied voltages. More than 4.5 log removal of bacteria is obtained for the applied electric field strength of 2 kV/cm at a flowrate of 4 mL/min. The effect of microbeads on the inactivation performance is assessed by comparing the performance of the microbead device with that of the device having no microbeads under same operating conditions. The comparison results show that only 0.57 log removal is achieved for the device having no microbeads—eightfold lower than for the device with microbeads.

Effect of Electric Field Strength on Texture Evolution of IF Steel Sheet during Annealing

2012 ◽  
Vol 706-709 ◽  
pp. 2617-2621
Author(s):  
Chang Shu He ◽  
Xiang Zhao ◽  
Wei Ping Tong ◽  
Liang Zuo
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Field Strength ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Applied Electric Field ◽  
Steel Sheet ◽  
Texture Evolution ◽  
If Steel ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
If Steel Sheet

Specimens cut from a cold-rolled IF steel sheet of 1 mm thickness were respectively annealed at 750°C for 20min under a range of DC electric fields (1kV/cm~4kV/cm). The Effect of electric field strength on recrystallization texture of IF steel sheet was studied by mean of X-ray diffraction ODF analysis. It was found that γ-fiber textures were notably enhanced as electric field strength increased. The strength of γ-fiber textures got their peak values as the applied electric field reached to 4kV/cm. The possible reason for such phenomena was discussed in the viewpoint of interaction between the applied electric field and the orientation-dependent stored-energy in deformed metals which is known as the driving force for recrystallization during annealing.

Ionization of Liquid Tetramethyl Germanium by 60Co-γ-Radiation

1990 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 832-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Lopes ◽  
W. F. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Applied Electric Field ◽  
Ionization Chamber ◽  
Parallel Plate ◽  
Ion Pairs ◽  
Guard Ring ◽  
Applied Electric Field Strength ◽  
Γ Radiation ◽  
Free Ion

AbstractThe ionization current produced in liquid tetramethyl germanium by 60Co-γ-radiation was measured with a guard ring type, parallel plate ionization chamber. The yield of ion pairs as a function of the applied electric field strength was determined and the free ion yield without applied electric field was obtained to be Gfi (0) = 0.68 ±0.10.

Mechanical Properties of Complex Structure Formed From Electro-Convection State of Smectic Liquid Crystal

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takatsune Narumi ◽  
Hideaki Hoshi ◽  
Tomohiko Muraki ◽  
Tomiichi Hasegawa
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Field Strength ◽  
Yield Stress ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Small Deformation ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
Control Mode

In the present study, electro-rheological characteristics of a liquid crystal (8CB) in smectic-A phase were investigated utilizing a parallel-plate type rheometer under a stress control mode. Solid like behaviors of the liquid crystal under DC electric fields were mainly examined. Bingham-like properties were observed and yield stresses measured were affected with the electric field conditions. When the electric field strength was low, the yield stress was almost the same as that obtained under no electric field. Above a threshold of DC electric field strength, the yield stress increased. It was clarified that the increase in the yield stress was caused with the complex structure formed in cooling process from an electro-convection state in nematic phase. Mechanical property changes after deformation of the structure were also examined as changes in dynamic viscoelasticities under condition of very small strain amplitude and the yield stress. The properties were measured before and after the deformation and compared. Moreover, the deformed structure of the liquid crystal was visualized with a polarizing microscope. Since the initial structures formed after the cooling have unevenness, the strength of the structure varied widely. When the small deformation is applied, peculiar changes in the strength were observed, i.e. the G’ measured was increased or decreased after the deformation. Moreover, the values measured after the deformation had reproducibility despite of the scattered initial data. We observed growth of typical optical patterns in the visualization of the structure and it is considered that defects like focal conic domains were generated and developed. After large deformation, the strength of the structure decreased and the deformed structure had almost no elastic properties. The structures were changed to irregular flow structures.

scholarly journals Out-of-plane faradaic ion concentration polarization: stable focusing of charged analytes at a three-dimensional porous electrode

Lab on a Chip ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrise Berzina ◽  
Sungu Kim ◽  
Umesha Peramune ◽  
Kumar Saurabh ◽  
Baskar Ganapathysubramanian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Field Strength ◽  
Concentration Polarization ◽  
Porous Electrode ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Ion Concentration Polarization ◽  
Out Of Plane

Ion concentration polarization (ICP) accomplishes preconcentration for bioanalysis by localized depletion of electrolyte ions, thereby generating a gradient in electric field strength that facilitates electrokinetic focusing of charged analytes by...

LIQUID CRYSTLASLIGHT SCATTERING BY FLUCTUATIONS INDUCED BY AN APPLIED ELECTRIC FIELD IN A NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTAL (APAPA)

1972 ◽  
Vol 33 (C1) ◽  
pp. C1-63-C1-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. BERTOLOTTI ◽  
B. DAINO ◽  
P. Di PORTO ◽  
F. SCUDIERI ◽  
D. SETTE
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Nematic Liquid Crystal ◽  
Applied Electric Field
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