scholarly journals Human Milk Metabolic Hormones: Analytical Methods and Current Understanding

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8708
Author(s):  
Majed A. Suwaydi ◽  
Zoya Gridneva ◽  
Sharon L. Perrella ◽  
Mary E. Wlodek ◽  
Ching Tat Lai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Infant Outcomes ◽  
Metabolic Hormones ◽  
Born Infant ◽  
Validation Parameters ◽  
Hormone Analysis

Human milk (HM) contains a wide array of peptide hormones including leptin and adiponectin, which are involved in the regulation of infant growth and development. These essential hormones might play an important role in the regulation of metabolic reprogramming of the new-born infant. However, HM hormone studies are sparse and heterogeneous in regard to the study design, sample collection, preparation and analysis methods. This review discussed the limitations of HM hormone analysis highlighting the gaps in pre-analytical and analytical stages. The methods used to quantify HM metabolic hormones (leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, insulin, obestatin, resistin and apelin) can be classified as immunoassay, immunosensor and chromatography. Immunoassay methods (ELISA and RIA) have been predominantly used in the measurement of these HM hormones. The relative validity parameters of HM hormones analysis are often overlooked in publications, despite the complexity and differences of HM matrix when compared to that of plasma and urine. Therefore, appropriate reports of validation parameters of methodology and instrumentation are crucial for accurate measurements and therefore better understanding of the HM metabolic hormones and their influences on infant outcomes.

scholarly journals Worldwide Variation in Human Milk Metabolome: Indicators of Breast Physiology and Maternal Lifestyle?

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin Gay ◽  
Petya Koleva ◽  
Carolyn Slupsky ◽  
Elloise Toit ◽  
Merete Eggesbo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Infant Outcomes ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Breast Physiology

Human milk provides essential substrates for the optimal growth and development of a breastfed infant. Besides providing nutrients to the infant, human milk also contains metabolites which form an intricate system between maternal lifestyle, such as the mother’s diet and the gut microbiome, and infant outcomes. This study investigates the variation of these human milk metabolites from five different countries. Human milk samples (n = 109) were collected one month postpartum from Australia, Japan, the USA, Norway, and South Africa and were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance. The partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) showed separation between either maternal countries of origin or ethnicities. Variation between countries in concentration of metabolites, such as 2-oxoglutarate, creatine, and glutamine, in human milk, between countries, could provide insights into problems, such as mastitis and/or impaired functions of the mammary glands. Several important markers of milk production, such as lactose, betaine, creatine, glutamate, and glutamine, showed good correlation between each metabolite. This work highlights the importance of milk metabolites with respect to maternal lifestyle and the environment, and also provides the framework for future breastfeeding and microbiome studies in a global context.

scholarly journals Human Milk Lipidomics: Current Techniques and Methodologies

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra George ◽  
Melvin Gay ◽  
Robert Trengove ◽  
Donna Geddes
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Infant Outcomes ◽  
Chromatographic Techniques ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Milk Lipids

Human milk contains a complex combination of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and minerals, which are essential for infant growth and development. While the lipid portion constitutes only 5% of the total human milk composition, it accounts for over 50% of the infant’s daily energy intake. Human milk lipids vary throughout a feed, day, and through different stages of lactation, resulting in difficulties in sampling standardization and, like blood, human milk is bioactive containing endogenous lipases, therefore appropriate storage is critical in order to prevent lipolysis. Suitable sample preparation, often not described in studies, must also be chosen to achieve the aims of the study. Gas chromatography methods have classically been carried out to investigate the fatty acid composition of human milk lipids, but with the advancement of other chromatographic techniques, such as liquid and supercritical fluid chromatography, as well as mass spectrometry, intact lipids can also be characterized. Despite the known importance, concise and comprehensive analysis of the human milk lipidome is limited, with gaps existing in all areas of human milk lipidomics, discussed in this review. With appropriate methodology and instrumentation, further understanding of the human milk lipidome and the influence it has on infant outcomes can be achieved.

scholarly journals How Gut Microbiota Supports Immunity, Growth and Development of Preterm Infants: A Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1SP) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Ariani Dewi Widodo
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiome ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Complex Ecosystem ◽  
Full Enteral Feeding ◽  
Lower Morbidity

ABSTRACTBackground: Gut microbiota, a complex ecosystem consisting of abundant microorganisms, plays a role in preterm infants’ immunity, growth, and development. Dysbiosis or disruption of the gut microbiota can precipitate various diseases, such as allergy or autoimmune disorders in premature infants. Purpose: This study aimed to review gut microbiota in preterm infants and its role in supporting the infants’ immunity, growth, and development. Discussion: Bifidobactericeae is the predominant microbiota in GI tract of preterm infants. However, various factors can influence this gut microbiota e.g., genetics, lifestyle of the mothers (smoking, diet, use of antibiotic, obesity), birth mode, type of feeding, and environmental factors. Gut dysbiosis can result in impaired immune system which predisposes the preterm infants to infections, even fatal adverse event. Furthermore, the growth and development might be affected as well as lead to various neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Human milk is a prebiotic source which can stimulate the growth of Baifidobactericeae and Bacteroidetes. If the human milk is inadequate or unavailable, the recommended interventions for gut dysbiosis in premature infants are probiotics, prebiotics, or both supplementations (synbiotics). The administration of prebiotics and probiotics associates with lower morbidity and death rates in preterm infants, as well as shorter duration of hospital stay and duration to achieve full enteral feeding. Conclusions: Immunity as well as growth and development of preterm infants are affected greatly by gut microbiota The less diverse microbiota in preterm infants’ gut predispose them to various health problems. Hence, this problem should be managed properly, one of which is prebiotic and probiotic supplementation Keywords: Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Premature, Immunity, Growth, Development

scholarly journals Method validation for simultaneous quantification of some Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) in dietary supplements by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-26
Author(s):  
Hong Ngoc Nguyen Thi ◽  
Thanh Hoa Mac Thi ◽  
Son Tran Hung ◽  
Dung Ngo Manh ◽  
Khanh Cao Cong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
Mobile Phase ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Time Analysis ◽  
Simultaneous Quantification ◽  
Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Validation Parameters ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass

The method of simultaneous quantification some of Human Milk Oligosaccharide in dietary supplements by LC-MS/MS is an accurate and effective method to quickly determine the content of 2'-Fucosyllactose (2 '-FL), Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), Lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 3'-Siallylactose (3'-SL) and 6'-Siallylactose (6'-SL) in both dietary supplements powder and liquid. The method has been developed and validated follow the AOAC International guidelines. The mobile phase system consists of 2 channels: channel A (0.1% formic acid) and channel B (acetonitril) connected to the HILIC column (3.5 μm, 2.1mm × 150 mm) and the MS detector. The time analysis is 10 minutes, this method can identify all 5 substances belonging to the group HMOs. The detection limit and quantitative limit for all 5’-FL, LNnT, LNT, 3’-SL, 6’-SL were 4 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, respectively. The linear range of the method ranges from 0.4 µg/mL to 40 µg/mL. Other validation parameters include the accuracy (R% 98.8 -103%); The precision (RSD% 1.69 - 5.54%) can meet the requirement of AOAC. The method was applied in practice to analyze 25 supplementary food samples on the market gives the results of analyzing total HMOs in powdered samples about 0.1 – 0.3 g/100g and for liquid samples about 0.01 – 0.03 g/100mL.

Commentary on Breast-Feeding and Infant Formulas, Including Proposed Standards for Formulas

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-285
Author(s):  
Lewis A. Barness ◽  
Alvin M. Mauer ◽  
Malcolm A. Holliday ◽  
Arnold S. Anderson ◽  
Peter R. Dallman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Special Group ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Excess Lead ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Mineral Levels

This statement proposes recommendations toward increasing the practice of breast feeding. Specific recommendations made for standards of infant formulas as to calorie, protein, fat, vitamin, and mineral levels apply to both milk-based and milk-substitute infant formulas. Such formulas, when used in place of breast-feeding, must supply most or all of the nutrients infants require during the first weeks or months of life. The minimum levels of nutrients per 100 kcal recommended for formulas provide good growth and development in healthy, full-term infants; distinct hazards may be encountered at levels below these. However, no significant advantage is to be gained by providing levels in excess of these minima in normal infants. Recommendations for maximum levels are made only where quantities in excess lead to toxicity; generally, levels near the minima recommended are most desirable because they are the most likely to reflect the composition of human milk, and the least likely to result in any undesirable nutrient to nutrient interaction. The recommendations also can be used as reference standards for formulas for special dietary uses of "medical" formulas. The Committee recommends that "medical" formulas be classified by FDA into a special group under the paragraph dealing with infant formulas.

Review of characteristics and analytical methods for determination of indomethacin

2022 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-62
Author(s):  
Andrea Dandić ◽  
Katarina Rajkovača ◽  
Marija Jozanović ◽  
Iva Pukleš ◽  
Aleksandar Széchenyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Methods ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Uv Spectroscopy ◽  
Multicomponent System ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Validation Parameters ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Abstract Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the first choice of treatment for rheumatic disorders and other degenerative inflammatory diseases. One of them, indomethacin (INDO), is highlighted in this study. With its analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties, it is one of the most powerful drugs used in various clinical trials and therapies related to the mechanism of blocking prostaglandin synthesis, thus reducing and eliminating many inflammatory conditions in patients. To ensure the efficacy and safety of this drug in pharmaceutical and clinical use, precise product quality control is required. Such control is performed with routine pharmaceutical analysis using various chemical methods by which INDO is identified as a separate active ingredient in the multicomponent system of a complete pharmaceutical form. In addition, the determination of INDO is important in clinical practice, where its concentration is determined in different biological samples, ensuring better monitoring of a particular therapy. The most commonly used methods for the determination of INDO are high-performance liquid chromatography (37% of developed methods), voltammetry (16% of developed methods), and UV spectroscopy (11% of developed methods). However, each of these methods must provide precise validation parameters. A combination of analytical methods can lead to more precise results and safer application in practice.

scholarly journals Sexually Dimorphic Associations between Maternal Factors and Human Milk Hormonal Concentrations

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Galante ◽  
Hanna Lagström ◽  
Mark H. Vickers ◽  
Clare M. Reynolds ◽  
Samuli Rautava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Maternal Factors ◽  
Infant Outcomes ◽  
Healthy Development ◽  
Future Work

While human milk composition is characterised by marked dynamicity, we are far from having a clear picture of what factors drive this variation. Hormones in human milk are known to vary according to specific maternal phenotypes, but limited evidence shows the infant also has a role in determining milk composition. The present study aimed to investigate the interplay between maternal and infant characteristics in relation to human milk hormonal profile. In total, 501 human milk samples from mothers recruited in the Finnish STEPS cohort study (Steps to the healthy development) were analysed. Pre-pregnancy and pregnancy maternal data, socioeconomic status and infant characteristics at birth were collated. Leptin, adiponectin, insulin-like growth factor-1 and cyclic Glycine-Proline in milk were measured. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and linear regression were utilised for statistical analysis. Sex-specific interactions with maternal factors were observed, as the infant sex mediated associations between gestational diabetes and milk adiponectin (p = 0.031), birth-mode and total protein (p = 0.003), maternal education and insulin-like growth factor-1: cyclic Glycine-Proline ratio (p = 0.035). Our results suggest that changes in human milk composition are associated with interactions between maternal and infant characteristics and pathophysiological factors. Future work should expand on these findings and further explore the link between hormonal profiles in human milk and infant outcomes.

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