scholarly journals Human Milk Lipidomics: Current Techniques and Methodologies

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra George ◽  
Melvin Gay ◽  
Robert Trengove ◽  
Donna Geddes
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Infant Outcomes ◽  
Chromatographic Techniques ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Milk Lipids

Human milk contains a complex combination of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and minerals, which are essential for infant growth and development. While the lipid portion constitutes only 5% of the total human milk composition, it accounts for over 50% of the infant’s daily energy intake. Human milk lipids vary throughout a feed, day, and through different stages of lactation, resulting in difficulties in sampling standardization and, like blood, human milk is bioactive containing endogenous lipases, therefore appropriate storage is critical in order to prevent lipolysis. Suitable sample preparation, often not described in studies, must also be chosen to achieve the aims of the study. Gas chromatography methods have classically been carried out to investigate the fatty acid composition of human milk lipids, but with the advancement of other chromatographic techniques, such as liquid and supercritical fluid chromatography, as well as mass spectrometry, intact lipids can also be characterized. Despite the known importance, concise and comprehensive analysis of the human milk lipidome is limited, with gaps existing in all areas of human milk lipidomics, discussed in this review. With appropriate methodology and instrumentation, further understanding of the human milk lipidome and the influence it has on infant outcomes can be achieved.

scholarly journals Sexually Dimorphic Associations between Maternal Factors and Human Milk Hormonal Concentrations

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Galante ◽  
Hanna Lagström ◽  
Mark H. Vickers ◽  
Clare M. Reynolds ◽  
Samuli Rautava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Maternal Factors ◽  
Infant Outcomes ◽  
Healthy Development ◽  
Future Work

While human milk composition is characterised by marked dynamicity, we are far from having a clear picture of what factors drive this variation. Hormones in human milk are known to vary according to specific maternal phenotypes, but limited evidence shows the infant also has a role in determining milk composition. The present study aimed to investigate the interplay between maternal and infant characteristics in relation to human milk hormonal profile. In total, 501 human milk samples from mothers recruited in the Finnish STEPS cohort study (Steps to the healthy development) were analysed. Pre-pregnancy and pregnancy maternal data, socioeconomic status and infant characteristics at birth were collated. Leptin, adiponectin, insulin-like growth factor-1 and cyclic Glycine-Proline in milk were measured. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and linear regression were utilised for statistical analysis. Sex-specific interactions with maternal factors were observed, as the infant sex mediated associations between gestational diabetes and milk adiponectin (p = 0.031), birth-mode and total protein (p = 0.003), maternal education and insulin-like growth factor-1: cyclic Glycine-Proline ratio (p = 0.035). Our results suggest that changes in human milk composition are associated with interactions between maternal and infant characteristics and pathophysiological factors. Future work should expand on these findings and further explore the link between hormonal profiles in human milk and infant outcomes.

scholarly journals Worldwide Variation in Human Milk Metabolome: Indicators of Breast Physiology and Maternal Lifestyle?

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin Gay ◽  
Petya Koleva ◽  
Carolyn Slupsky ◽  
Elloise Toit ◽  
Merete Eggesbo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Infant Outcomes ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Breast Physiology

Human milk provides essential substrates for the optimal growth and development of a breastfed infant. Besides providing nutrients to the infant, human milk also contains metabolites which form an intricate system between maternal lifestyle, such as the mother’s diet and the gut microbiome, and infant outcomes. This study investigates the variation of these human milk metabolites from five different countries. Human milk samples (n = 109) were collected one month postpartum from Australia, Japan, the USA, Norway, and South Africa and were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance. The partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) showed separation between either maternal countries of origin or ethnicities. Variation between countries in concentration of metabolites, such as 2-oxoglutarate, creatine, and glutamine, in human milk, between countries, could provide insights into problems, such as mastitis and/or impaired functions of the mammary glands. Several important markers of milk production, such as lactose, betaine, creatine, glutamate, and glutamine, showed good correlation between each metabolite. This work highlights the importance of milk metabolites with respect to maternal lifestyle and the environment, and also provides the framework for future breastfeeding and microbiome studies in a global context.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Changes in the Fatty Acid Profile of Human Milk of Spanish Lactating Women during the First Month of Lactation Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. A Comparison with Infant Formulas

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Sánchez-Hernández ◽  
Adelaida Esteban-Muñoz ◽  
Rafael Giménez-Martínez ◽  
María José Aguilar-Cordero ◽  
Beatriz Miralles-Buraglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Milk Samples

Breastfeeding is the ideal way to provide infants with the nutrients they need for healthy growth and development. Milk composition changes throughout lactation, and fat is one of the most variable nutrients in human milk. The aim of this study was to determine the main differences between the fatty acid (FA) profile of human milk samples (colostrum, transitional, and mature milk group) and infant formulas. Human milk samples were provided by lactating women from Granada. Moreover, different commercial infant formulas were analyzed. FAs were determined using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. According to the results, oleic acid was the predominant monounsaturated fatty acid (41.93% in human milk and 43.53% in infant formulas), while palmitic acid was the most representative saturated fatty acid (20.88% in human milk and 23.09% in infant formulas). Significant differences were found between human milk groups and infant formulas, mainly in long-chain polyunsaturated FAs (LC-PUFAs). The content of araquidonic acid (AA) and docoxahexaenoic acid (DHA) was higher in human milk (0.51% and 0.39%, respectively) than in infant formulas (0.31% and 0.22%, respectively). Linoleic acid (LA) percentage (15.31%) in infant formulas was similar to that found in human milk (14.6%). However, α-linolenic acid (ALA) values were also much higher in infant formulas than in human milk (1.64% and 0.42%, respectively).

scholarly journals Human Milk Metabolic Hormones: Analytical Methods and Current Understanding

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8708
Author(s):  
Majed A. Suwaydi ◽  
Zoya Gridneva ◽  
Sharon L. Perrella ◽  
Mary E. Wlodek ◽  
Ching Tat Lai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Infant Outcomes ◽  
Metabolic Hormones ◽  
Born Infant ◽  
Validation Parameters ◽  
Hormone Analysis

Human milk (HM) contains a wide array of peptide hormones including leptin and adiponectin, which are involved in the regulation of infant growth and development. These essential hormones might play an important role in the regulation of metabolic reprogramming of the new-born infant. However, HM hormone studies are sparse and heterogeneous in regard to the study design, sample collection, preparation and analysis methods. This review discussed the limitations of HM hormone analysis highlighting the gaps in pre-analytical and analytical stages. The methods used to quantify HM metabolic hormones (leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, insulin, obestatin, resistin and apelin) can be classified as immunoassay, immunosensor and chromatography. Immunoassay methods (ELISA and RIA) have been predominantly used in the measurement of these HM hormones. The relative validity parameters of HM hormones analysis are often overlooked in publications, despite the complexity and differences of HM matrix when compared to that of plasma and urine. Therefore, appropriate reports of validation parameters of methodology and instrumentation are crucial for accurate measurements and therefore better understanding of the HM metabolic hormones and their influences on infant outcomes.

scholarly journals Maternal adiposity alters the human milk metabolome: associations between nonglucose monosaccharides and infant adiposity

2020 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 1228-1239
Author(s):  
Jessica L Saben ◽  
Clark R Sims ◽  
Brian D Piccolo ◽  
Aline Andres
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Shikimic Acid ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Infant Outcomes ◽  
Mixed Effect Models ◽  
Maternal Adiposity ◽  
Linear Mixed Effect Models

ABSTRACT Background Human milk composition is altered by maternal obesity. The association between milk metabolites and infant outcomes has not been thoroughly investigated. Objectives This study aimed to quantify maternal adiposity-related differences in the human milk metabolome and to identify metabolites associated with infant adiposity during the first 6 mo postpartum using untargeted metabolomics. Method Maternal anthropometrics were assessed ≤14 weeks of gestation. Human milk samples were collected at 0.5 mo (n = 159), 2 mo (n = 131), and 6 mo (n = 94) postpartum from normal weight (NW, BMI = 18.5–24.9 kg/m2) and obese (OB, BMI >30 kg/m2) mothers. GC-time-of-flight-MS was used to identify metabolic signatures that discriminate NW and OB women. Partial least squared (PLS)-discriminant analysis, and PLS-regression models were assessed to examine relations between metabolites and maternal BMI and fat mass. Metabolites altered by maternal obesity were used in linear mixed effect models to predict infant adiposity. Results Multivariate modeling identified 23, 17, and 10 metabolites that described maternal adiposity indices at 0.5 mo, 2 mo, and 6 mo postpartum, respectively. Monosaccharides and sugar alcohols were the most representative annotated metabolite classes that were increased in milk from OB women and included: mannose, ribose, lyxose, lyxitol (0.5 mo); mannose, ribitol, glycerol, isothreonic acid, lyxitol (2 mo); lyxitol and isothreonic acid (6 mo). Other discriminant metabolites included: 1-monostearin, xylonolactone, shikimic acid, pseudo uridine, and dodecanol (0.5 mo); N-acetyl-D-hexosamine and fumaric acid (2 mo); uric acid and tyrosine (6 mo). Mannose, lyxitol, and shikimic acid predicted higher infant adiposity over the first 6 mo of life. Conclusions This study reports on 1 of the largest cohorts to date examining the metabolic profiles in human milk comparing NW and OB women. Maternal adiposity was associated with increased amounts of milk nonglucose monosaccharides. Human milk metabolomics may be useful in predicting infant adiposity. These trials were registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01131117 and NCT02125149.

scholarly journals Maternal Health and Nutrition Status, Human Milk Composition, and Growth and Development of Infants and Children: A Prospective Japanese Human Milk Study Protocol

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Nojiri ◽  
Shunjiro Kobayashi ◽  
Satoshi Higurashi ◽  
Tomoki Takahashi ◽  
Yuta Tsujimori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Health ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Health And Nutrition

It is unknown whether maternal health and nutrition are related to human milk composition or growth and development of infants and children. Here, we describe a protocol for a prospective five-year cohort study to clarify (i) how maternal health and nutrition, socioeconomic factors, and lifestyles affect human milk composition, and (ii) whether these are associated with growth and development of infants and children. In our study, we recruited 1210 Japanese mothers with singleton pregnancies from 73 obstetrics clinics and hospitals across Japan, between 2014 and 2019. We will measure the following: health information regarding maternal-child dyads using a self-administered questionnaire, maternal nutrition during breastfeeding using a Brief self-administrated Diet History Questionnaire, the development of infants and children using the Kinder Infant Development Scale, and the stress related to child rearing using the Mother’s Child Care Stress Scale. Simultaneously, we will collect human milk every 2 months during the first year after birth to measure its composition and levels of macronutrients. This study will generate useful data to investigate whether health status, nutritional status, lifestyle, and socioeconomic factors affect human milk composition and the growth and development of infants and children.

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