scholarly journals Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide in the Carotid Body—A History of Forty Years of Research. A Mini Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slawomir Gonkowski
Keyword(s):  
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide ◽  
Carotid Body ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Spontaneous Discharge ◽  
Type I ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Intestinal Polypeptide

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) consists of 28 amino acid residues and is widespreadin many internal organs and systems. Its presence has also been found in the nervous structuressupplying the carotid body not only in mammals but also in birds and amphibians. The numberand distribution of VIP in the carotid body clearly depends on the animal species studied;however, among all the species, this neuropeptide is present in nerve fibers around blood vesselsand between glomus cell clusters. It is also known that the number of nerves containing VIP locatedin the carotid body may change under various pathological and physiological factors. The knowledgeconcerning the functioning of VIP in the carotid body is relatively limited. It is known that VIP mayimpact the glomus type I cells, causing changes in their spontaneous discharge, but the main impactof VIP on the carotid body is probably connected with the vasodilatory eects of this peptide and itsinfluence on blood flow and oxygen delivery. This review is a concise summary of forty years ofresearch concerning the distribution of VIP in the carotid body.

CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS PECULIARITIES IN MEN UNDER 60 YEARS OLD WITH MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY LUNG DISEASES

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
Tupitsyn V.V. ◽  
Bataev Kh.M. ◽  
Men’shikova A.N. ◽  
Godina Z.N.
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Type I ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
History Of

Relevance. Information about the cardiovascular diseases risk factors (CVD RF) for in men with chronic lung inflam-matory pathology (CLID) is contradictory and requires clarification. Aim. To evaluate the peculiarities of CVD RF in men under 60 years of age with CLID in myocardial infarction (MI) to improve prevention. Material and methods. The study included men aged 19-60 years old with type I myocardial infarction. Patients are divided into two age-comparable groups: I - the study group, with CLID - 142 patients; II - control, without it - 424 patients. A comparative analysis of the frequency of observation of the main and additional cardiovascular risk fac-tors in groups was performed. Results. In patients of the study group, more often than in the control group we observed: hereditary burden of is-chemic heart disease (40.8 and 31.6%, respectively; p = 0.0461) and arterial hypertension (54.2 and 44.6%; p = 0.0461), frequent colds (24.6 and 12.0%; p = 0.0003), a history of extrasystoles (19.7 and 12.7%; p = 0.04); chronic foci of infections of internal organs (75.4 and 29.5%; p˂0.0001), non-ulcer lesions of the digestive system (26.1 and 14.6%; p = 0.007), smoking (95.1 and 66.3%; p˂0.0001), MI in winter (40.8 and 25.9%; p = 0.006). Less commonly were observed: oral cavity infections (9.2 and 23.6%; p˂0.0001); hypodynamia (74.5 and 82.5%; p = 0.0358), over-weight (44.4 and 55.2%; p = 0.0136), a subjective relationship between the worsening of the course of coronary heart disease and the season of the year (43.7 and 55.2%; p = 0.0173) and MI - in the autumn (14.1 and 21.9%; p = 0.006) period. Conclusions. The structure of CVD RF in men under 60 years of age with CLID with MI is characterized by the pre-dominance of smoking, non-ulcer pathology of the digestive system, frequent pro-student diseases, meteorological dependence, a history of cardiac arrhythmias and foci of internal organ infections. It is advisable to use the listed factors when planning preventive measures in such patients.

scholarly journals Immunohistochemical Characteristics of the Human Carotid Body in the Antenatal and Postnatal Periods of Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8222
Author(s):  
Dmitry Otlyga ◽  
Ekaterina Tsvetkova ◽  
Olga Junemann ◽  
Sergey Saveliev
Keyword(s):  
Tyrosine Hydroxylase ◽  
Carotid Body ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type I Cells ◽  
Carotid Bodies ◽  
I Cells ◽  
Human Carotid

The evolutionary and ontogenetic development of the carotid body is still understudied. Research aimed at studying the comparative morphology of the organ at different periods in the individual development of various animal species should play a crucial role in understanding the physiology of the carotid body. However, despite more than two centuries of study, the human carotid body remains poorly understood. There are many knowledge gaps in particular related to the antenatal development of this structure. The aim of our work is to study the morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of the human carotid body in the antenatal and postnatal periods of development. We investigated the human carotid bodies from 1 embryo, 20 fetuses and 13 adults of different ages using samples obtained at autopsy. Immunohistochemistry revealed expression of βIII-tubulin and tyrosine hydroxylase in the type I cells and nerve fibers at all periods of ontogenesis; synaptophysin and PGP9.5 in the type I cells in some of the antenatal cases and all of the postnatal cases; 200 kDa neurofilaments in nerve fibers in some of the antenatal cases and all of the postnatal cases; and GFAP and S100 in the type II cells and Schwann cells in some of the antenatal cases and all of the postnatal cases. A high level of tyrosine hydroxylase in the type I cells was a distinctive feature of the antenatal carotid bodies. On the contrary, in the type I cells of adults, the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase was significantly lower. Our data suggest that the human carotid body may perform an endocrine function in the antenatal period, while in the postnatal period of development, it loses this function and becomes a chemosensory organ.

VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL POLYPEPTIDE (VIP) — PRESENCE AND ACTION IN THE CAROTID BODY

1981 ◽  
pp. 255-258
Author(s):  
Robert S. Fitzgerald ◽  
Hershel Raff ◽  
Peter Garger ◽  
Ashima Anand ◽  
Sami I. Said
Keyword(s):  
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide ◽  
Carotid Body ◽  
Intestinal Polypeptide

scholarly journals A Light and Electron Microscopic Immunohistochemical Study of Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide— And Substance P-Containing Nerve Fibers along the Cerebral Blood Vessels: Comparison with Aminergic and Cholinergic Nerve Fibers

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toru Itakura ◽  
Takashi Okuno ◽  
Kazuo Nakakita ◽  
Ichiro Kamei ◽  
Yutaka Naka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance P ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide ◽  
Electron Microscopic Observation ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Muscle Control ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Cholinergic Nerve Fibers ◽  
Intestinal Polypeptide

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)– and substance P–containing nerve fibers were observed in the cerebral blood vessels using an immunohistochemical technique. VIP-containing nerve fibers distributed in a spiral pattern, similar to that of muscle cells. Under electron microscopic observation, VIP-immunoreactive terminals lay close to a muscle cell in the inner layer of the adventitia. In contrast, substance P–containing nerve fibers showed a meshwork pattern in the outer layer of the adventitia. Using both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining and VIP immunohistochemistry, AChE-positive and VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibers revealed almost the same distribution in the same specimen. The present data suggest that VIP-containing nerve fibers may play a role in the smooth muscle control of the blood vessels, whereas substance P–containing nerve fibers may not take part in muscle control.

scholarly journals ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE CAROTID BODY

1966 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Biscoe ◽  
W. E. Stehbens
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Schwann Cells ◽  
Carotid Body ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Nerve Endings ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii Cells ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type I Cells ◽  
I Cells

An electron microscope investigation was made of the carotid body in the cat and the rabbit. In thin-walled blood vessels the endothelium was fenestrated. Larger vessels were surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle fibers. Among the numerous blood vessels lay groups of cells of two types covered by basement membranes. Aggregates of Type I cells were invested by Type II cells, though occasionally cytoplasmic extensions were covered by basement membrane only. Type I cells contained many electron-opaque cored vesicles (350 to 1900 A in diameter) resembling those in endocrine secretory cells. Type II cells covered nerve endings terminating on Type I cells and enclosed nerve fibers in much the same manner as Schwann cells. The nerve endings contained numerous microvesicles (∼500 A in diameter), mitochondria, glycogen granules, and a few electron-opaque cored vesicles. Junctions between nerve endings and Type I cells were associated with regions of increased density in both intercellular spaces and the adjoining cytoplasm. Cilia of the 9 + 0 fibril pattern were observed in Type I and Type II cells and pericytes. Nonmyelinated nerve fibers, often containing microvesicles, mitochondria, and a few electron-opaque cored vesicles (650 to 1000 A in diameter) were present in Schwann cells, many of which were situated close to blood vessels Ganglion cells near the periphery of the gland, fibrocytes, and segments of unidentified cells were also seen. It was concluded that, according to present concepts of the structure of nerve endings, those endings related to Type I cells could be efferent or afferent.

scholarly journals Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) in the Intestinal Mucosal Nerve Fibers in Dogs with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1759
Author(s):  
Andrzej Rychlik ◽  
Sławomir Gonkowski ◽  
Jarosław Całka ◽  
Krystyna Makowska
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Healthy Dogs ◽  
Adaptive Reactions ◽  
Intestinal Polypeptide

Canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of enteropathies with nonspecific chronic symptoms and poorly understood etiology. Many aspects connected with IBD are not understood. One of them is the participation of the intestinal nervous system in the development of pathological processes. Thus, this study aimed to demonstrate changes in the density of intramucosal nerve fibers containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)—one of the most important intestinal nervous factors caused by the various stages of IBD development. Mucosal biopsy specimens collected from the duodenum, jejunum and descending colon of healthy dogs and dogs with varied severity of IBD were included in the experiment. The density of VIP-like immunoreactive (VIP-LI) nerves was determined by a single immunofluorescence technique and a semi-quantitative method consisting in VIP-LI fiber counts in the field of view (0.1 mm2). The obtained results indicate that IBD induces changes in the density of mucosal VIP-LI nerve fibers in the canine gastrointestinal tract. The initial decrease is followed by an increase in VIP-like immunoreactivity in successive stages of the disease. These observations show that VIP is a neuronal factor that participates in the pathological processes connected with canine IBD. The observed changes probably result from the neuroprotective and/or adaptive properties of VIP. Protective and adaptive reactions induced by inflammation aim to protect the GI tract against damage by proinflammatory factors and ensure the homeostasis in the enteric nervous system (ENS) under the conditions changed by the disease process.

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