scholarly journals Changes in the Proteome of Medicago sativa Leaves in Response to Long-Term Cadmium Exposure Using a Cell-Wall Targeted Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annelie Gutsch ◽  
Salha Zouaghi ◽  
Jenny Renaut ◽  
Ann Cuypers ◽  
Jean-Francois Hausman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Protein Identification ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Time Of Flight ◽  
Cell Wall Protein ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Cd Exposure ◽  
Targeted Approach

Accumulation of cadmium (Cd) shows a serious problem for the environment and poses a threat to plants. Plants employing various cellular and molecular mechanisms to limit Cd toxicity and alterations of the cell wall structure were observed upon Cd exposure. This study focuses on changes in the cell wall protein-enriched subproteome of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) leaves during long-term Cd exposure. Plants grew on Cd-contaminated soil (10 mg/kg dry weight (DW)) for an entire season. A targeted approach was used to sequentially extract cell wall protein-enriched fractions from the leaves and quantitative analyses were conducted with two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D DIGE) followed by protein identification with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight/time of flight (TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry. In 212 spots that showed a significant change in intensity upon Cd exposure a single protein was identified. Of these, 163 proteins are predicted to be secreted and involved in various physiological processes. Proteins of other subcellular localization were mainly chloroplastic and decreased in response to Cd, which confirms the Cd-induced disturbance of the photosynthesis. The observed changes indicate an active defence response against a Cd-induced oxidative burst and a restructuring of the cell wall, which is, however, different to what is observed in M. sativa stems and will be discussed.

scholarly journals Long-term cadmium exposure influences the abundance of proteins that impact the cell wall structure in Medicago sativa stems

Plant Biology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1023-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gutsch ◽  
E. Keunen ◽  
G. Guerriero ◽  
J. Renaut ◽  
A. Cuypers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Cadmium Exposure ◽  
Cell Wall Structure ◽  
Wall Structure

scholarly journals Long-Term Cd Exposure Alters the Metabolite Profile in Stem Tissue of Medicago sativa

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2707
Author(s):  
Annelie Gutsch ◽  
Sophie Hendrix ◽  
Gea Guerriero ◽  
Jenny Renaut ◽  
Stanley Lutts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Stem Tissue ◽  
Cd Stress ◽  
Cd Exposure

As a common pollutant, cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic heavy metals accumulating in agricultural soils through anthropogenic activities. The uptake of Cd by plants is the main entry route into the human food chain, whilst in plants it elicits oxidative stress by unbalancing the cellular redox status. Medicago sativa was subjected to chronic Cd stress for five months. Targeted and untargeted metabolic analyses were performed. Long-term Cd exposure altered the amino acid composition with levels of asparagine, histidine and proline decreasing in stems but increasing in leaves. This suggests tissue-specific metabolic stress responses, which are often not considered in environmental studies focused on leaves. In stem tissue, profiles of secondary metabolites were clearly separated between control and Cd-exposed plants. Fifty-one secondary metabolites were identified that changed significantly upon Cd exposure, of which the majority are (iso)flavonoid conjugates. Cadmium exposure stimulated the phenylpropanoid pathway that led to the accumulation of secondary metabolites in stems rather than cell wall lignification. Those metabolites are antioxidants mitigating oxidative stress and preventing cellular damage. By an adequate adjustment of its metabolic composition, M. sativa reaches a new steady state, which enables the plant to acclimate under chronic Cd stress.

scholarly journals Serologic Response to Cell Wall Mannoproteins and Proteins of Candida albicans

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
José P. Martínez ◽  
M. Luisa Gil ◽  
José L. López-Ribot ◽  
W. LaJean Chaffin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Binding Activity ◽  
Cell Wall Protein ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Host Immune System

SUMMARY The cell wall of Candida albicans not only is the structure in which many biological functions essential for the fungal cells reside but also is a significant source of candidal antigens. The major cell wall components that elicit a response from the host immune system are proteins and glycoproteins, the latter being predominantly mannoproteins. Both the carbohydrate and protein moieties are able to trigger immune responses. Although cell-mediated immunity is often considered to be the most important line of defense against candidiasis, cell wall protein and glycoprotein components also elicit a potent humoral response from the host that may include some protective antibodies. Proteins and glycoproteins exposed at the most external layers of the wall structure are involved in several types of interactions of fungal cells with the exocellular environment. Thus, coating of fungal cells with host antibodies has the potential to influence profoundly the host-parasite interaction by affecting antibody-mediated functions such as opsonin-enhanced phagocytosis and blocking the binding activity of fungal adhesins for host ligands. In this review, the various members of the protein and glycoprotein fraction of the C. albicans cell wall that elicit an antibody response in vivo are examined. Although a number of proteins have been shown to stimulate an antibody response, for some of these species the response is not universal. On the other hand, some of the studies demonstrate that certain cell wall antigens and anti-cell wall antibodies may be the basis for developing specific and sensitive serologic tests for the diagnosis of candidasis, particularly the disseminated form. In addition, recent studies have focused on the potential for antibodies to cell wall protein determinants to protect the host against infection. Hence, a better understanding of the humoral response to cell wall antigens of C. albicans may provide the basis for the development of (i) effective procedures for the serodiagnosis of disseminated candidiasis and (ii) novel prophylactic (vaccination) and therapeutic strategies for the management of this type of infection.

scholarly journals Changes in the Cell Wall Proteome of Leaves in Response to High Temperature Stress in Brachypodium distachyon

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6750
Author(s):  
Artur Pinski ◽  
Alexander Betekhtin ◽  
Bozena Skupien-Rabian ◽  
Urszula Jankowska ◽  
Elisabeth Jamet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Brachypodium Distachyon ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Cell Wall Protein ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Cell Wall Proteome

High temperature stress leads to complex changes to plant functionality, which affects, i.a., the cell wall structure and the cell wall protein composition. In this study, the qualitative and quantitative changes in the cell wall proteome of Brachypodium distachyon leaves in response to high (40 °C) temperature stress were characterised. Using a proteomic analysis, 1533 non-redundant proteins were identified from which 338 cell wall proteins were distinguished. At a high temperature, we identified 46 differentially abundant proteins, and of these, 4 were over-accumulated and 42 were under-accumulated. The most significant changes were observed in the proteins acting on the cell wall polysaccharides, specifically, 2 over- and 12 under-accumulated proteins. Based on the qualitative analysis, one cell wall protein was identified that was uniquely present at 40 °C but was absent in the control and 24 proteins that were present in the control but were absent at 40 °C. Overall, the changes in the cell wall proteome at 40 °C suggest a lower protease activity, lignification and an expansion of the cell wall. These results offer a new insight into the changes in the cell wall proteome in response to high temperature.

Acute lung toxicity by nitrofurantoin

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. e237571
Author(s):  
Eliana Milazzo ◽  
Gabriela Orellana ◽  
Adriana Briceño-Bierwirth ◽  
Vamsi Kiran Korrapati
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Drug Reaction ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Wall Protein ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
Probability Scale ◽  
Bacterial Dna ◽  
Synthetic Derivative ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Infective Agent

Nitrofurantoin is a synthetic derivative of imidazolinedione, used to treat uncomplicated urinary tract infections. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA, RNA and cell wall protein synthesis. It is used prophylactically as a urinary anti-infective agent against most gram-positive organism and for long-term suppression of infections. Nitrofurantoin-associated pulmonary injuries occur in 1% of patients, presenting with dyspnoea and dry cough, and it can mimic interstitial lung disease. We present a case of an 81-year-old woman with shortness of breath and cough 3 days after initiation of nitrofurantoin. CT of the chest revealed bilateral pleural effusion and extensive pulmonary interstitial prominence, suggesting pulmonary fibrosis. According to the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale score of 6, it was determined that nitrofurantoin was the probable cause, and immediate cessation of the medication showed a marked clinical improvement and resolution after 10 days.

scholarly journals Specific Cell Wall Proteins Confer Resistance to Nisin upon Yeast Cells

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 4047-4052 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Dielbandhoesing ◽  
H. Zhang ◽  
L. H. P. Caro ◽  
J. M. van der Vaart ◽  
F. M. Klis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate ◽  
Cell Wall Protein ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Double Knockout ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
Yeast Mutants

ABSTRACT The cell wall of a yeast cell forms a barrier for various proteinaceous and nonproteinaceous molecules. Nisin, a small polypeptide and a well-known preservative active against gram-positive bacteria, was tested with wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This peptide had no effect on intact cells. However, removal of the cell wall facilitated access of nisin to the membrane and led to cell rupture. The roles of individual components of the cell wall in protection against nisin were studied by using synchronized cultures. Variation in nisin sensitivity was observed during the cell cycle. In the S phase, which is the phase in the cell cycle in which the permeability of the yeast wall to fluorescein isothiocyanate dextrans is highest, the cells were most sensitive to nisin. In contrast, the cells were most resistant to nisin after a peak in expression of the mRNA of cell wall protein 2 (Cwp2p), which coincided with the G2 phase of the cell cycle. A mutant lacking Cwp2p has been shown to be more sensitive to cell wall-interfering compounds and Zymolyase (J. M. Van der Vaart, L. H. Caro, J. W. Chapman, F. M. Klis, and C. T. Verrips, J. Bacteriol. 177:3104–3110, 1995). Here we show that of the single cell wall protein knockouts, a Cwp2p-deficient mutant is most sensitive to nisin. A mutant with a double knockout of Cwp1p and Cwp2p is hypersensitive to the peptide. Finally, in yeast mutants with impaired cell wall structure, expression of both CWP1 and CWP2 was modified. We concluded that Cwp2p plays a prominent role in protection of cells against antimicrobial peptides, such as nisin, and that Cwp1p and Cwp2p play a key role in the formation of a normal cell wall.

scholarly journals Correlation between bacterial decay and chemical changes in waterlogged archaeological wood analysed by light microscopy and Py-GC/MS

Holzforschung ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nanna Bjerregaard Pedersen ◽  
Jeannette Jacqueline Łucejko ◽  
Francesca Modugno ◽  
Charlotte Björdal
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Residual Structure ◽  
Archaeological Wood ◽  
Waterlogged Archaeological Wood ◽  
Bacterial Decay

AbstractErosion bacteria are the main degraders of archaeological wood excavated from waterlogged environments. Light microscopy and analytical pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) were exploited to study waterlogged archaeological wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) at different stages of bacterial decay. The research explored the biochemical changes related to erosion bacteria degradation of the secondary cell wall in the wood cells and the chemical changes related to abiotic processes induced by the long-term waterlogged burial environment. Erosion bacteria were demonstrated by chemical analysis to cause significant holocellulose depletion. Detailed analysis of the holocellulose and lignin pyrolysis products revealed only minor chemical changes in the residual structure even after heavy erosion bacteria decay. Chemical changes in the lignin polymer is associated to enzymatic unlocking of the lignocellulose to gain access to the holocellulose fraction of the cell wall. Chemical changes in the holocellulose fraction are suggested to stem from depolymerisation and from alterations in the polymer matrix of the residual wood cell wall structure. Interestingly, a difference was observed between the sound reference wood and the waterlogged archaeological wood without erosion bacteria decay, indicating that long-term exposure in waterlogged environments results in partial decay of the holocellulose even in absence of bacterial activity.

scholarly journals Functional Genomic and Biochemical Analysis Reveals Pleiotropic Effect of Congo Red on Aspergillus fumigatus

mBio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhonghua Liu ◽  
Shriya Raj ◽  
Norman van Rhijn ◽  
Marcin Fraczek ◽  
Jean-Philippe Michel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Congo Red ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Cell Membrane Permeability ◽  
Growth Effect ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharide ◽  
Resistant Mutants

ABSTRACT Inhibition of fungal growth by Congo red (CR) has been putatively associated with specific binding to β-1,3-glucans, which blocks cell wall polysaccharide synthesis. In this study, we searched for transcription factors (TFs) that regulate the response to CR and interrogated their regulon. During the investigation of the susceptibility to CR of the TF mutant library, several CR-resistant and -hypersensitive mutants were discovered and further studied. Abnormal distorted swollen conidia called Quasimodo cells were seen in the presence of CR. Quasimodo cells in the resistant mutants were larger than the ones in the sensitive and parental strains; consequently, the conidia of the resistant mutants absorbed more CR than the germinating conidia of the sensitive or parental strains. Accordingly, this higher absorption rate by Quasimodo cells resulted in the removal of CR from the culture medium, allowing a subset of conidia to germinate and grow. In contrast, all resting conidia of the sensitive mutants and the parental strain were killed. This result indicated that the heterogeneity of the conidial population is essential to promote the survival of Aspergillus fumigatus in the presence of CR. Moreover, amorphous surface cell wall polysaccharides such as galactosaminogalactan control the influx of CR inside the cells and, accordingly, resistance to the drug. Finally, long-term incubation with CR led to the discovery of a new CR-induced growth effect, called drug-induced growth stimulation (DIGS), since the growth of one of them could be stimulated after recovery from CR stress. IMPORTANCE The compound Congo red (CR) has been historically used for coloring treatment and histological examination as well to inhibit the growth of yeast and filamentous fungi. It has been thought that CR binds to β-1,3-glucans in the fungal cell wall, disrupting the organization of the cell wall structure. However, other processes have been implicated in affecting CR sensitivity. Here, we explore CR susceptibility through screening a library of genetic null mutants. We find several previously uncharacterized genetic regulators important for CR susceptibility. Through biochemical and molecular characterization, we find cell membrane permeability to be important. Additionally, we characterize a novel cell type, Quasimodo cells, that occurs upon CR exposure. These cells take up CR, allowing the growth of the remaining fungi. Finally, we find that priming with CR can enhance long-term growth in one mutant.

scholarly journals Does long-term cadmium exposure influence the composition of pectic polysaccharides in the cell wall of Medicago sativa stems?

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annelie Gutsch ◽  
Kjell Sergeant ◽  
Els Keunen ◽  
Els Prinsen ◽  
Gea Guerriero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Cadmium Exposure ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharides

Bacterial Peptidoglycan Stapling with Functionalized D-Amino Acids

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia L. Rivera ◽  
Akbar Espaillat ◽  
Arjun K. Aditham ◽  
Peyton Shieh ◽  
Chris Muriel-Mundo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Clinical Success ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Enzymatic Reaction ◽  
Amino Acid Derivative ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Live Bacteria ◽  
Cross Links ◽  
Osmotic Lysis ◽  
Bacterial Peptidoglycan

Transpeptidation reinforces the structure of cell wall peptidoglycan, an extracellular heteropolymer that protects bacteria from osmotic lysis. The clinical success of transpeptidase-inhibiting β-lactam antibiotics illustrates the essentiality of these cross-linkages for cell wall integrity, but the presence of multiple, seemingly redundant transpeptidases in many bacterial species makes it challenging to determine cross-link function precisely. Here we present a technique to covalently link peptide strands by chemical rather than enzymatic reaction. We employ bio-compatible click chemistry to induce triazole formation between azido- and alkynyl-D-alanine residues that are metabolically installed in the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Synthetic triazole cross-links can be visualized by substituting azido-D-alanine with azidocoumarin-D-alanine, an amino acid derivative that undergoes fluorescent enhancement upon reaction with terminal alkynes. Cell wall stapling protects the model bacterium Escherichia coli from β-lactam treatment. Chemical control of cell wall structure in live bacteria can provide functional insights that are orthogonal to those obtained by genetics.<br>

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