scholarly journals High School Composition and Health Outcomes in Adulthood: A Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3799
Author(s):  
Alison K. Cohen ◽  
Emily J. Ozer ◽  
David H. Rehkopf ◽  
Barbara Abrams
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Socioeconomic Composition ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Background: A multitude of empirical evidence documents links between education and health, but this focuses primarily on educational attainment and not on characteristics of the school setting. Little is known about the extent to which aggregate characteristics of the school setting, such as student body demographics, are associated with adult health outcomes. Methods: We use the U.S. nationally representative National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort to statistically assess the association between two different measures of high school student composition (socioeconomic composition, racial/ethnic composition) and two different health outcomes at age 40 (self-rated health and obesity). Results: After adjusting for confounders, high school socioeconomic composition, but not racial/ethnic composition, was weakly associated with both obesity and worse self-rated health at age 40. However, after adding adult educational attainment to the model, only the association between high school socioeconomic composition and obesity remained statistically significant. Conclusions: Future research should explore possible mechanisms and also if findings are similar across other populations and in other school contexts. These results suggest that education policies that seek to break the link between socioeconomic composition and negative outcomes remain important but may have few spillover effects onto health.

scholarly journals A quantitative analysis of high school sports participation intensity and breadth : relationships with academic achievement in a rural Missouri high school

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Chad M. Lang
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Sport Activity ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Grade Point ◽  
Achievement Data

The purpose of this study was to address the gap in research related to whether measures of participation (intensity and breadth) demonstrated a relationship with academic achievement for 11th grade student athletes (N=128) in a rural Missouri high school. Recent research found high school-aged students in interscholastic activities were less likely to be multisport athletes than in previous decades. This decrease in multisport participation has occurred within the context of United States participation trends which demonstrated overall participation increases from 1989 to 2017 (Bell et al.,2016; Howard, 2017; Jayanthi, Pinkham, Dugas, Patrick, and LaBella, 2013; Moore, Murphey, Bandy, and Cooper, 2014). Since increased connectivity to school viaextracurricular school activities (ESAs) enhances social bonds associated with positive academic and behavioral outcomes, a reduction in participation intensity and/or breadth may exhibit deleterious effects to the academic and social development students experience in the school setting (Crosnoe, 2002; Eccles and Gootman, 2002; Hirschi,1969). Anonymous athletic participation and achievement data from 2015-2017 was obtained from the school's archive and analyzed by correlation, hierarchical regression, and one-way ANOVA. Data derived from statistical analyses demonstrated two themes regarding sport participation, ACT, and grade-point average (GPA): a) Intensity demonstrated no statistical or practical significance to student achievement measured by ACT; however intensity of participation did share a statistically significant relationship to cumulative GPA (p less than .05) and b) an ANOVA analysis demonstrated statistically significant differences in breadth and GPA (p less than .01) between one sport athletes and three sport athletes. Three sport athletes had statistically significantly higher GPAs than one sport athletes and practically significant higher GPAs than two sport athletes. Utilizing these results suggested practical considerations for rural school administrators considering both the number of ESA sport offerings and the academic benefits ESAs multisport participation provide. Future research on ESA sport, activity, and non-activity participation related to academic outcomes is justified.

scholarly journals Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Heart Disease among Black Americans

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari ◽  
Sharon Cobb ◽  
Mohammed Saqib ◽  
Mohsen Bazargan
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Black People ◽  
Hispanic Americans ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Higher Educational Attainment

Background: Socioeconomic Status (SES) indicators, such as educational attainment, are social determinants of heart disease. Marginalization related Diminished Returns (MDRs) refer to smaller health benefits of high SES for racial and ethnic minorities compared to the majority group. It is still unknown, however, if MDRs also apply to the effects of education on heart disease. Purpose: Using a nationally representative sample, we explored racial/ethnic variation in the link between educational attainment and heart disease among American adults. Methods: We analyzed data (n=25,659) from a nationally representative survey of American adults in 2013. The first wave of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health - Adult (PATH-Adult) study was used. The independent variable was education (college graduate, high school graduate, less than a high school diploma). The dependent variable was any heart disease. Age and gender were the covariates. Race, as well as ethnicity, were the moderators. Logistic regressions were used to analyze the data. Results: Individuals with higher educational attainment had lower odds of heart disease. Race and ethnicity showed statistically significant interactions with education, suggesting that the protective effect of higher education on reducing odds of heart disease was smaller for Hispanic and Black people than for non-Hispanic and White individuals. Conclusion: Education reduces the risk of heart disease better among non-Hispanic Whites than for Hispanics and Blacks. Therefore, we may expect a disproportionately higher than expected risk of heart disease in Hispanics and Blacks with high educational attainment. Future research should test if the presence of high levels of environmental and behavioral risk factors contribute to the high risk of heart disease in highly educated Black and Hispanic Americans. Policymakers should not reduce health inequalities to just gaps in SES because disparities are present across SES levels, with high SES Blacks and Hispanics remaining at risk of health problems.

Bullying of, and Retaliation by, Aboriginal Students in an Australian Urban High School

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Emery ◽  
Rita T. Hayes ◽  
Madalyn Kelly Parlet
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Predominantly White ◽  
White Students ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Discussion Groups ◽  
Urban High School ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Teacher Response ◽  
Aboriginal Students

AbstractQualitative research methods were used to explore the dynamics of racist bullying of, and retaliation by. Aboriginal students in a large, predominantly White, urban high school. Transcripts of recorded interviews and discussion groups with 11 Aboriginal students aged between 13 and 17 were analysed. Bullying by White students mainly took the form of verbal abuse, whereas retaliation by Aboriginal students was predominantly in the form of physical attacks. Aboriginal students tended to deal with bullying at the peer group level rather than by seeking adult intervention. This appears to have been because of poor teacher response and institutional racism. Recommendations are made for dealing with bullying issues in the school setting, and for future research.

scholarly journals Racism and Health: Evidence and Needed Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Williams ◽  
Jourdyn A. Lawrence ◽  
Brigette A. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Physical Health Outcomes ◽  
Fundamental Cause ◽  
Cultural Racism ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Mental And Physical Health

In recent decades, there has been remarkable growth in scientific research examining the multiple ways in which racism can adversely affect health. This interest has been driven in part by the striking persistence of racial/ethnic inequities in health and the empirical evidence that indicates that socioeconomic factors alone do not account for racial/ethnic inequities in health. Racism is considered a fundamental cause of adverse health outcomes for racial/ethnic minorities and racial/ethnic inequities in health. This article provides an overview of the evidence linking the primary domains of racism—structural racism, cultural racism, and individual-level discrimination—to mental and physical health outcomes. For each mechanism, we describe key findings and identify priorities for future research. We also discuss evidence for interventions to reduce racism and describe research needed to advance knowledge in this area.

scholarly journals A Sign of Disparity: Racial/Ethnic Composition of Treatment Centers is an Independent Risk Factor in SPRINT Trial

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Matlock ◽  
Na Le Dang ◽  
David Brown ◽  
S. Joshua Swamidass
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Independent Risk Factor ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Racial Ethnic

AbstractThe racial composition of treatment centers in the SPRINT trial is an independent risk factor for myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. Independent of individual race or ethnicity, patients face a 39% increase in relative risk of MI or stroke when associated to treatment centers with a high proportion of African Americans. The magnitude of this effect is comparable to smoking. This suggests the strong influence of social determinants on health outcomes among hypertensive patients.

scholarly journals Childhood Obesity and Academic Outcomes in Young Adulthood

Children ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Ryabov
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
College Education ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Generational Status ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Impact

The present study used nationally representative data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (a.k.a., Add Health) to examine the impact of childhood obesity on young adult educational attainment. In addition to weight status, independent variables included race–ethnicity, immigrant generational status, family socio-economic status (SES), preference for overweight and obese friends in school, school socio-economic and race–ethnic composition, and other important predictors. Educational attainment was measured as a categorical variable with the categories reflecting key educational benchmarks: (1) being a high school graduate; (2) having some college education; and (3) having completed a bachelor’s or higher degree. The results indicate that in general, individuals who were obese as children are less likely to transition from high school to college, and even less likely to obtain a baccalaureate or more advanced degree. In line with the social network hypothesis of the obesity epidemic, we also found that having overweight and obese friends drives down the odds of educational success. Attendance at a higher SES school or a school with a lower percentage of minority students was positively associated with the odds of college attendance and obtaining a baccalaureate. Other important effects included race–ethnicity and immigrant generational status.

Juvenile Institutional Misconduct: Examining the Role of Educational Attainment and Academic Achievement

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 663-686
Author(s):  
Ronda Shepherd Engstrom ◽  
Daniel Scott
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Institutional Misconduct ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
Educational Variables

Identifying risk factors of institutional misconduct among juvenile offenders is important in curbing costs and consequences of these infractions. Research shows low educational attainment and poor academic achievement are consistently related to delinquency and crime. Yet, no research has examined whether these educational variables are associated with institutional misconduct among juveniles. Official records and interviews yielded information on the educational characteristics and institutional misconduct of 349 juvenile prisoners in a California facility. Negative binomial regression analysis was employed to examine hypothesized relationships. Results indicate that graduating high school significantly predicts institutional misconduct. Implications for juvenile corrections policies, including the importance of assisting juvenile detainees in obtaining their high school diploma, and directions for future research are provided.

Is School Racial/Ethnic Composition Associated With Content Coverage in Algebra?

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 441-447
Author(s):  
Karisma Morton ◽  
Catherine Riegle-Crumb
Keyword(s):  
School Teacher ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Eighth Grade ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Predominantly Black ◽  
Predominantly Minority ◽  
Teacher Reports ◽  
Content Coverage ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Mathematics And Science

This brief utilizes data from the U.S. Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study of 2011 (TIMSS) to investigate the extent to which teacher reports of content coverage in eighth grade algebra classes vary according to school racial/ethnic composition. The analytic sample is comprised of eighth grade algebra classrooms in 111 schools across the country, with 9 schools that are predominantly Black, 20 schools that are predominantly Latinx, and 82 schools that are not predominantly minority. Results of regression analyses reveal that, net of school, teacher, and student characteristics, the time that teachers report spending on algebra and more advanced content in eighth grade algebra classes is significantly lower in schools that are predominantly Black compared to those that are not predominantly minority. Implications for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccine Rollouts and the Reproduction of Urban Spatial Inequality: Disparities Within Large U.S. Cities in March and April 2021 by Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Composition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas V DiRago ◽  
Meiying Li ◽  
Thalia Tom ◽  
Will Schupmann ◽  
Yvonne Carrillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Health Insurance Coverage ◽  
Spatial Inequality ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Socioeconomic Composition ◽  
Socioeconomic Considerations ◽  
Vaccine Availability ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Rollouts of COVID-19 vaccines in the U.S. were opportunities to redress disparities that surfaced during the pandemic. Initial eligibility criteria, however, neglected geographic, racial/ethnic, and socioeconomic considerations. Marginalized populations may have faced barriers to then-scarce vaccines, reinforcing disparities. Inequalities may have subsided as eligibility expanded. Using spatial modeling, we investigate how strongly local vaccination levels were associated with socioeconomic and racial/ethnic composition as authorities first extended vaccine eligibility to all adults. We harmonize administrative, demographic, and geospatial data across postal codes in eight large U.S. cities over three weeks in Spring 2021. We find that, although vaccines were free regardless of health insurance coverage, local vaccination levels in March and April were negatively associated with poverty, enrollment in means-tested public health insurance (e.g., Medicaid), and the uninsured population. By April, vaccination levels in Black and Hispanic communities were only beginning to reach those of Asian and White communities in March. Increases in vaccination were smaller in socioeconomically disadvantaged Black and Hispanic communities than in more affluent, Asian, and White communities. Our findings suggest vaccine rollouts contributed to cumulative disadvantage. Populations that were left most vulnerable to COVID-19 benefited least from early expansions in vaccine availability in large U.S. cities.

scholarly journals Race, Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Chronic Lung Disease in the U.S.

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. p48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari ◽  
Hamid Chalian ◽  
Mohsen Bazargan
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Chronic Bronchitis ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Hispanic Americans ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Chronic Lung Diseases ◽  
Nationally Representative

Background: Higher socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as educational attainment and income reduce the risk of chronic lung diseases (CLDs) such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) refer to smaller health benefits of high SES for marginalized populations such as racial and ethnic minorities compared to the socially privileged groups such as non-Hispanic Whites. It is still unknown, however, if MDRs also apply to the effects of education and income on CLDs. Purpose: Using a nationally representative sample, the current study explored racial and ethnic variation in the associations between educational attainment and income and CLDs among American adults.Methods: In this study, we analyzed data (n = 25,659) from a nationally representative survey of American adults in 2013 and 2014. Wave one of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH)-Adult study was used. The independent variables were educational attainment (less than high school = 1, high school graduate = 2, and college graduate = 3) and income (living out of poverty = 1, living in poverty = 0). The dependent variable was any CLDs (i.e., COPD, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma). Age, gender, employment, and region were the covariates. Race and ethnicity were the moderators. Logistic regressions were fitted to analyze the data. Results: Individuals with higher educational attainment and those with higher income (who lived out of poverty) had lower odds of CLDs. Race and ethnicity showed statistically significant interactions with educational attainment and income, suggesting that the protective effects of high education and income on reducing odds of CLDs were smaller for Blacks and Hispanics than for non-Hispanic Whites. Conclusions: Education and income better reduce the risk of CLDs among Whites than Hispanics and Blacks. That means we should expect disproportionately higher than expected risk of CLDs in Hispanics and Blacks with high SES. Future research should test if high levels of environmental risk factors contribute to the high risk of CLDs in high income and highly educated Black and Hispanic Americans. Policy makers should not reduce health inequalities to SES gaps because disparities sustain across SES levels, with high SES Blacks and Hispanics remaining at risk of health problems.

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