scholarly journals Race, Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Chronic Lung Disease in the U.S.

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. p48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari ◽  
Hamid Chalian ◽  
Mohsen Bazargan
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Chronic Bronchitis ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Hispanic Americans ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Chronic Lung Diseases ◽  
Nationally Representative

Background: Higher socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as educational attainment and income reduce the risk of chronic lung diseases (CLDs) such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) refer to smaller health benefits of high SES for marginalized populations such as racial and ethnic minorities compared to the socially privileged groups such as non-Hispanic Whites. It is still unknown, however, if MDRs also apply to the effects of education and income on CLDs. Purpose: Using a nationally representative sample, the current study explored racial and ethnic variation in the associations between educational attainment and income and CLDs among American adults.Methods: In this study, we analyzed data (n = 25,659) from a nationally representative survey of American adults in 2013 and 2014. Wave one of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH)-Adult study was used. The independent variables were educational attainment (less than high school = 1, high school graduate = 2, and college graduate = 3) and income (living out of poverty = 1, living in poverty = 0). The dependent variable was any CLDs (i.e., COPD, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma). Age, gender, employment, and region were the covariates. Race and ethnicity were the moderators. Logistic regressions were fitted to analyze the data. Results: Individuals with higher educational attainment and those with higher income (who lived out of poverty) had lower odds of CLDs. Race and ethnicity showed statistically significant interactions with educational attainment and income, suggesting that the protective effects of high education and income on reducing odds of CLDs were smaller for Blacks and Hispanics than for non-Hispanic Whites. Conclusions: Education and income better reduce the risk of CLDs among Whites than Hispanics and Blacks. That means we should expect disproportionately higher than expected risk of CLDs in Hispanics and Blacks with high SES. Future research should test if high levels of environmental risk factors contribute to the high risk of CLDs in high income and highly educated Black and Hispanic Americans. Policy makers should not reduce health inequalities to SES gaps because disparities sustain across SES levels, with high SES Blacks and Hispanics remaining at risk of health problems.

scholarly journals Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Heart Disease among Black Americans

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari ◽  
Sharon Cobb ◽  
Mohammed Saqib ◽  
Mohsen Bazargan
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Black People ◽  
Hispanic Americans ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Higher Educational Attainment

Background: Socioeconomic Status (SES) indicators, such as educational attainment, are social determinants of heart disease. Marginalization related Diminished Returns (MDRs) refer to smaller health benefits of high SES for racial and ethnic minorities compared to the majority group. It is still unknown, however, if MDRs also apply to the effects of education on heart disease. Purpose: Using a nationally representative sample, we explored racial/ethnic variation in the link between educational attainment and heart disease among American adults. Methods: We analyzed data (n=25,659) from a nationally representative survey of American adults in 2013. The first wave of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health - Adult (PATH-Adult) study was used. The independent variable was education (college graduate, high school graduate, less than a high school diploma). The dependent variable was any heart disease. Age and gender were the covariates. Race, as well as ethnicity, were the moderators. Logistic regressions were used to analyze the data. Results: Individuals with higher educational attainment had lower odds of heart disease. Race and ethnicity showed statistically significant interactions with education, suggesting that the protective effect of higher education on reducing odds of heart disease was smaller for Hispanic and Black people than for non-Hispanic and White individuals. Conclusion: Education reduces the risk of heart disease better among non-Hispanic Whites than for Hispanics and Blacks. Therefore, we may expect a disproportionately higher than expected risk of heart disease in Hispanics and Blacks with high educational attainment. Future research should test if the presence of high levels of environmental and behavioral risk factors contribute to the high risk of heart disease in highly educated Black and Hispanic Americans. Policymakers should not reduce health inequalities to just gaps in SES because disparities are present across SES levels, with high SES Blacks and Hispanics remaining at risk of health problems.

scholarly journals A Strong Graded Relationship between Level of Obesity and COPD: Findings from a National Population-Based Study of Lifelong Nonsmokers

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esme Fuller-Thomson ◽  
Kaitlyn E. N. Howden ◽  
Lilia R. Fuller-Thomson ◽  
Senyo Agbeyaka
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Never Smokers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hispanic White

Factors associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among never-smokers have received little research attention. One potential risk factor for COPD is obesity, which is of particular importance in light of the global obesity epidemic. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between COPD and levels of obesity in a nationally representative sample of non-Hispanic white never-smokers. Data were drawn from the 2012 Center for Disease Control’s Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Pearson’s chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses were conducted in a large nationally representative sample of non-Hispanic white respondents aged 50 and over (76,004 women; 37,618 men) who reported that they had never smoked. A dose-response relationship was observed for both men and women: the prevalence of COPD increased from 2.5% in men and 3.5% in women who were of a healthy weight (BMI < 25) to 7.6% in men and 13.4% in women who had a BMI of 40 or higher. Even after adjusting for 7 potential confounds (e.g., age, education, and income), the odds of COPD were 3.21 higher for men (95% CI = 2.46, 4.20) and 4.00 higher for women with class III obesity (95% CI = 3.52, 4.55) in comparison with those of healthy weight. Regular screening for COPD is warranted in never-smoking obese patients who are aged 50 and over. Future research is needed to investigate plausible mechanisms for this association, including (1) the role of chronic inflammation associated with obesity and (2) the impact of central obesity on respiratory system mechanics.

scholarly journals Trends and Disparities in Self-Reported and Measured Osteoporosis among US Adults, 2007–2014

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Wu ◽  
Yingke Xu ◽  
Ge Lin
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
National Health ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Education Attainment ◽  
The Us ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Higher Educational Attainment ◽  
Nutritional Examination Survey

(1) Background: Studies examining osteoporosis trends among US adults by different socioeconomic status (SES) are limited. The prevalence of self-reported osteoporosis in the US is rarely reported. (2) Methods: Data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2007–2008 and 2013–2014 cycles were analyzed. Age-adjusted prevalence of self-reported and that of measured osteoporosis were calculated overall and by sex, race/ethnicity, education attainment, and SES. (3) Results: The prevalence of self-reported osteoporosis was higher than that of measured osteoporosis in all three survey cycles for women, and in 2007–2008 and 2009–2010 for men. Participants with high school/GED or higher educational attainment had an increased prevalence of measured osteoporosis during the study period. Among all SES groups, participants with low family income (PIR < 1.3) had the highest prevalence of measured osteoporosis, and the prevalence increased from 49.3 per 1000 population to 71.8 per 1000 population during the study period. (4) Conclusions: The prevalence of self-reported osteoporosis was higher than that of measured osteoporosis in US adults between 2007 and 2014. The age-adjusted prevalence of measured osteoporosis increased in participants with the educational attainment of high school/GED or above, and individuals with low family income.

Predictors of College Success Outcomes in Emerging Adults: The Role of High School Dual Enrollment Courses

2020 ◽  
pp. 216769682091663
Author(s):  
Kristen P. Kremer
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Dual Enrollment ◽  
Time Course ◽  
College Success ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Remedial Coursework ◽  
Nationally Representative

The current study seeks to identify the role of dual enrollment participation on college outcomes among emerging adults. Data were used from the nationally representative High School Longitudinal Study of 2009. Propensity score matching matched students who did and did not take dual enrollment courses in high school. Logistic regression analyses predicted college success from dual enrollment participation. Youth who took dual enrollment courses had an increased odds of attending college ( OR = 1.40, SE = .05), persisting in college ( OR = 1.40, SE = .06), and taking full-time course loads ( OR = 1.32, SE = .06). They were less likely to attend a 2-year institution ( OR = 0.75, SE = .05) and take remedial coursework ( OR = 0.70, SE = .05). Interactions by race and socioeconomic status found dual enrollment participation to be more strongly associated with remedial coursework for students from lower socioeconomic status households ( OR = 0.83, SE = .08). Further research should explore policies surrounding access to dual enrollment courses and strategies for increasing participation in dual enrollment courses.

scholarly journals Consumption and expenditure on food prepared away from home among Mexican adults in 2006

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent A Langellier
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Food Expenditure ◽  
Mexican Adults ◽  
Nationally Representative

Objective. To describe food expenditure and consumption of foods prepared away from home among Mexican adults. Materials and methods. Data were from 45 241 adult participants in the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2006,a nationally-representative, cross-sectional survey of Mexican households. Descriptive statistics and multivariable linear and logistic regression were used to assess the relationship between location of residence, educational attainment, socioeconomic status and the following: 1) expenditure on all food and at restaurants, and 2) frequency of consumption of comida corrida or restaurant food and street food. Results. Food expenditure and consumption of food prepared away from home were positively associated with socioeconomicstatus, educational attainment, and urban vs. rural residence (p<0.001 for all relationships in bivariate analyses). Conclusions. Consumption of food prepared outside home may be an important part of the diet among urban Mexican adults and those with high socioeconomic status and educational attainment.

scholarly journals Educational Attainment, Race, and Ethnicity as Predictors for Ideal Cardiovascular Health: From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber E. Johnson ◽  
Brandon M. Herbert ◽  
Natalie Stokes ◽  
Maria M. Brooks ◽  
Belinda L. Needham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
National Health ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Nutrition Examination Survey ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Life’S Simple 7 ◽  
Life's Simple 7

Background Educational attainment is protective for cardiovascular health (CVH), but the benefits of education may not persist across racial and ethnic groups. Our objective was to determine whether the association between educational attainment and ideal CVH differs by race and ethnicity in a nationally representative sample. Methods and Results Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we determined the distribution of ideal CVH, measured by Life’s Simple 7, across levels of educational attainment. We used multivariable ordinal logistic regression to assess the association between educational attainment (less than high school, high school graduate, some college, college graduate) and Life’s Simple 7 category (ideal, intermediate, poor), by race and ethnicity (Asian, Black, Hispanic, White). Covariates were age, sex, history of cardiovascular disease, health insurance, access to health care, and income–poverty ratio. Of 7771 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants with complete data, as level of educational attainment increased, the criteria for ideal health were more often met for most metrics. After adjustment for covariates, effect of education was attenuated but remained significant ( P <0.01). Those with at least a college degree had 4.12 times the odds of having an ideal Life’s Simple 7 compared with less than high school (95% CI, 2.70–5.08). Among all racial and ethnic groups, as level of educational attainment increased, so did Life’s Simple 7. The magnitude of the association between education and CVH varied by race and ethnicity (interaction P <0.01). Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that educational attainment has distinct associations with ideal CVH that differs by race and ethnicity. This work demonstrates the need to elucidate barriers preventing individuals from racial and ethnic minority groups from achieving equitable CVH.

scholarly journals Locked, Loaded, and Ready for School: The Association of Safety Concerns With Weapon-carrying Behavior Among Adolescents in the United States

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052096940
Author(s):  
Soumyadeep Mukherjee ◽  
Ziyad Ben Taleb ◽  
Philip Baiden
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
School Students ◽  
Weapon Carrying ◽  
Safety Concerns ◽  
Gun Carrying ◽  
Address Data ◽  
Nationally Representative

There is limited, if any, prior research exploring the potential link between adolescents’ safety concerns and their predisposition to possess weapons has been limited. This study aimed to examine the relationship between high school students’ perceived lack of safety and their weapons carrying behavior in a multiyear nationally representative sample of high school students. Information on self-reported weapons carrying in past month and gun carrying in past year, perceived lack of safety at school or during commute, being bullied and/or threatened, involvement in physical fights, and demographic characteristics were retrieved from Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey data for 1991-2017. Generalized linear mixed models were used to address data clustering by survey year. Sampling design and sample weights were accounted for. Of a total number of 195,280 respondents with valid responses during 1991-2017, 18%, 7%, and 5%, respectively, carried weapon(s) in general, weapon(s) to school, and gun. On an average, 5% skipped school due to safety concerns. Missing ≥2 school days was associated with weapon (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.25; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.94 -2.61) and gun (AOR: 3.18; 95% CI: 1.81 -5.58) possessions, as well as weapons possession in school (AOR: 2.47; 95% CI: 1.96 -3.12). Experiences of weapons-induced injury(ies) or threat(s), and involvement in physical fights were other significant covariates in adjusted analyses. Compared with non-Hispanic whites, students of other racial/ethnic groups had significantly lower odds of possessing weapons. Perceived lack of safety emerged as a potential determinant of weapon carrying, a behavior with far-reaching public health concerns. While future research looking into the psychological motivations of possessing weapons is recommended, our findings offer a unique opportunity to address the crucial problems of school absenteeism induced by experiences of aggression and fears for safety as well as preempt the consequences of weapons-possession by adolescents.

Self-Reported Dementia-Related Diagnosis Underestimates the Prevalence of Older Americans Living with Possible Dementia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ryan McGrath ◽  
Sheria G. Robinson-Lane ◽  
Brian C. Clark ◽  
Julie A. Suhr ◽  
Bruno J. Giordani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
High School Graduates ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Older Americans ◽  
Dementia Screening ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nationally Representative

Background: Dementia screening is an important step for appropriate dementia-related referrals to diagnosis and treat possible dementia. Objective: We sought to estimate the prevalence of no reported dementia-related diagnosis in a nationally representative sample of older Americans with a cognitive impairment consistent with dementia (CICD). Methods: The weighted analytical sample included 6,036,224 Americans aged at least 65 years old that were identified as having a CICD without history of stroke, cancers, neurological conditions, or brain damage who participated in at least one-wave of the 2010–2016 Health and Retirement Study. The adapted Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status assessed cognitive functioning. Those with scores≤6 were considered as having a CICD. Healthcare provider dementia-related diagnosis was self-reported. Age, sex, educational achievement, and race and ethnicity were also self-reported. Results: The overall estimated prevalence of no reported dementia-related diagnosis for older Americans with a CICD was 91.4%(95%confidence interval (CI): 87.7%–94.1%). Persons with a CICD who identified as non-Hispanic black had a high prevalence of no reported dementia-related diagnosis (93.3%; CI: 89.8%–95.6%). The estimated prevalence of no reported dementia-related diagnosis was greater in males with a CICD (99.7%; CI: 99.6%–99.8%) than females (90.2%; CI: 85.6%–93.4%). Moreover, the estimated prevalence of no reported dementia-related diagnosis for non-high school graduates with a CICD was 93.5%(CI: 89.3%–96.1%), but 90.9%(CI: 84.7%–94.7%) for those with at least a high school education. Conclusion: Dementia screening should be encouraged during routine geriatric health assessments. Continued research that evaluates the utility of self-reported dementia-related measures is also warranted.

scholarly journals High School Composition and Health Outcomes in Adulthood: A Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3799
Author(s):  
Alison K. Cohen ◽  
Emily J. Ozer ◽  
David H. Rehkopf ◽  
Barbara Abrams
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Socioeconomic Composition ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Background: A multitude of empirical evidence documents links between education and health, but this focuses primarily on educational attainment and not on characteristics of the school setting. Little is known about the extent to which aggregate characteristics of the school setting, such as student body demographics, are associated with adult health outcomes. Methods: We use the U.S. nationally representative National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort to statistically assess the association between two different measures of high school student composition (socioeconomic composition, racial/ethnic composition) and two different health outcomes at age 40 (self-rated health and obesity). Results: After adjusting for confounders, high school socioeconomic composition, but not racial/ethnic composition, was weakly associated with both obesity and worse self-rated health at age 40. However, after adding adult educational attainment to the model, only the association between high school socioeconomic composition and obesity remained statistically significant. Conclusions: Future research should explore possible mechanisms and also if findings are similar across other populations and in other school contexts. These results suggest that education policies that seek to break the link between socioeconomic composition and negative outcomes remain important but may have few spillover effects onto health.

scholarly journals Students Attending School Remotely Suffer Socially, Emotionally, and Academically

2021 ◽  
pp. 0013189X2110315
Author(s):  
Angela L. Duckworth ◽  
Tim Kautz ◽  
Amy Defnet ◽  
Emma Satlof-Bedrick ◽  
Sean Talamas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Ninth Graders ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
School Students ◽  
Academic Impact ◽  
The Social

What is the social, emotional, and academic impact of attending school remotely rather than in person? We address this issue using survey data collected from N = 6,576 high school students in a large, diverse school district that allowed families to choose either format in fall 2020. Controlling for baseline measures of well-being collected 1 month before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as demographics, high school students who attended school remotely reported lower levels of social, emotional, and academic well-being (effect size [ES] = 0.10, 0.08, and 0.07 standard deviations, respectively) than classmates who attended school in person—differences that were consistent across gender, race and ethnicity, and socioeconomic status subgroups but significantly wider among 10th–12th graders than ninth graders.

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