scholarly journals Teams Do Inflict Costly Third-Party Punishment as Individuals Do: Experimental Evidence

Games ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Kenju Kamei
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Experimental Setting ◽  
Seminal Work ◽  
Everyday Lives

Initiated by the seminal work of Fehr and Fischbacher (Evolution and Human Behavior (2004)), a large body of research has shown that people often take punitive actions towards norm violators even when they are not directly involved in transactions. This paper shows in an experimental setting that this behavioral finding extends to a situation where a pair of individuals jointly decides how strong a third-party punishment to impose. It also shows that this punishment behavior is robust to the size of social distance within pairs. These results lend useful insight since decisions in our everyday lives and also in courts are often made by teams.

scholarly journals Reactions to (the absence of) control and workplace arrangements: experimental evidence from the internet and the laboratory

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 933-960
Author(s):  
Katrin Schmelz ◽  
Anthony Ziegelmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Control Level ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Principal Agent ◽  
Working From Home

Abstract This paper reports an experiment designed to assess the influence of workplace arrangements on the reactions to (the absence of) control. We compare behavior in an Internet and a laboratory principal-agent game where the principal can control the agent by implementing a minimum effort requirement. Then the agent chooses an effort costly to her but beneficial to the principal. Our design captures meaningful differences between working from home and working at the office arrangements. Online subjects enjoy greater anonymity than lab subjects, they interact in a less constrained environment than the laboratory, and there is a larger physically-oriented social distance between them. Control is significantly more effective online than in the laboratory. Positive reactions to the principal’s choice not to control are observed in both treatments, but they are significantly weaker online than in the laboratory. Principals often choose the highest control level, which maximizes their earnings.

The Everyday Archaeologist Matters

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Price ◽  
Philip J. Carr
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Southeastern Archaeology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
The Future

Archaeology has many goals, and those goals may differ depending on your theoretical paradigm. These aims vary from bringing order to an incomplete and imperfect record of people in the past, to distilling the actions of the past in order to understand not only cultural changes but also the reasons those change occurred, to synthesizing this information to predict human behavior through laws, and to using the past to better the future of humanity. Thinking about the everyday broadens perspectives, posits new questions, presents testable hypotheses, and, perhaps because it is measured on a shared scale, brings some level of consilience to southeastern archaeology. In this chapter, the authors discuss three opportunities for making archaeology relevant: writing palatably, scaling interactions, and engaging people with their past by bringing archaeology into their everyday lives.

scholarly journals Casting a Wider Tax Net: Experimental Evidence from Costa Rica

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 55-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Brockmeyer ◽  
Spencer Smith ◽  
Marco Hernandez ◽  
Stewart Kettle
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Randomized Experiment ◽  
Intermediate Form ◽  
Tax Enforcement ◽  
Important Intermediate ◽  
Payment Rate ◽  
Tax Filing

The majority of firms in developing countries are informal, yet even among registered firms, tax filing rates are low. We argue that non-filing of taxes among registered firms constitutes an important intermediate form of informality, which can be tackled cost-effectively. Using a randomized experiment in Costa Rica, we show that credible enforcement emails increased the tax payment rate (amount) by 3.4  p.p. (US$15) among previously non-filing firms. Emails that highlight third-party reports of a firm’s transactions further increased compliance. The effect persisted over two years, and treated firms became more likely to report transactions with other firms, facilitating future tax enforcement. (JEL H25, H26, K34, O17)

scholarly journals Reach and speed of judgment propagation in the laboratory

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (16) ◽  
pp. 4117-4122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Moussaïd ◽  
Stefan M. Herzog ◽  
Juliane E. Kämmer ◽  
Ralph Hertwig
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Dynamic Network ◽  
Social Contagion ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Information Distortion ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Good Performer ◽  
The Social ◽  
A Chain

In recent years, a large body of research has demonstrated that judgments and behaviors can propagate from person to person. Phenomena as diverse as political mobilization, health practices, altruism, and emotional states exhibit similar dynamics of social contagion. The precise mechanisms of judgment propagation are not well understood, however, because it is difficult to control for confounding factors such as homophily or dynamic network structures. We introduce an experimental design that renders possible the stringent study of judgment propagation. In this design, experimental chains of individuals can revise their initial judgment in a visual perception task after observing a predecessor’s judgment. The positioning of a very good performer at the top of a chain created a performance gap, which triggered waves of judgment propagation down the chain. We evaluated the dynamics of judgment propagation experimentally. Despite strong social influence within pairs of individuals, the reach of judgment propagation across a chain rarely exceeded a social distance of three to four degrees of separation. Furthermore, computer simulations showed that the speed of judgment propagation decayed exponentially with the social distance from the source. We show that information distortion and the overweighting of other people’s errors are two individual-level mechanisms hindering judgment propagation at the scale of the chain. Our results contribute to the understanding of social-contagion processes, and our experimental method offers numerous new opportunities to study judgment propagation in the laboratory.

The theory of trailing Taylor columns

1970 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 485-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Lighthill
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Small Angle ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Physical Significance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rossby Number ◽  
Ekman Number ◽  
Axis Of Rotation ◽  
Taylor Column

AbstractWhen Rossby number is small but Ekman number is very much smaller, study of the flow field far from a body moving at right angles to the axis of rotation of a large body of fluid indicates that the region of influence should not be a Taylor column parallel to the axis, but a trailing Taylor column, bent backwards on both sides of the body at a small angle (proportional to Rossby number) to the axis. The paper reviews the physical significance of, and experimental evidence for, this conclusion.

scholarly journals SpackDev: Multi-Package Development with Spack

2020 ◽  
Vol 245 ◽  
pp. 05035
Author(s):  
Chris Green ◽  
James Amundson ◽  
Lynn Garren ◽  
Patrick Gartung ◽  
Elizabeth Sexton-Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
High Energy Physics ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Liquid Argon ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Scientific Software ◽  
External Software ◽  
Build System

High Energy Physics (HEP) software environments often involve ∼ hundreds of external packages and libraries, and similar numbers of experiment-specific, science-critical packages—many under continuous development. Managing coherent releases of the external software stack is challenging enough, but managing the highly-collaborative—and distributed—development of a large body of code against such a stack adds even more complexity and room for error. Spack is a popular Python-based package management tool with a specific focus on the needs of High Performance Computing (HPC) systems and system administrators whose strength is orchestrating the discrete download, build, testing, and installation of pre-packaged or tagged third-party software against similarly stable dependencies. As such it is becoming increasingly popular within HEP as that community makes increasing use of HPC facilities, and as efforts to develop future HPC systems utilize Spack to provide scientific software on those platforms [1]. SpackDev is a system to facilitate the simultaneous development of interconnected sets of packages. Intended to handle packages without restriction to one internal build system, SpackDev is integrated with Spack as a command extension in order to leverage features such as dependency calculations and build system configuration, and is generally applicable outside HEP. We describe SpackDev’s features and development over the last two years, initial experience using SpackDev in the context of the LArSoft liquid argon detector toolkit, and work remaining before it can be considered a fully-functional multi-package build system for HEP experiments utilizing Spack.

Platform enclosure of human behavior and its measurement: Using behavioral trace data against platform episteme

2020 ◽  
pp. 146144482093354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Xiao Wu ◽  
Harsh Taneja
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Open Market ◽  
Institutional Perspective ◽  
Trace Data ◽  
Prescribing Behavior ◽  
Management Technology ◽  
User Attention ◽  
Audience Measurement

Digital trace data from giant platforms are gaining ground in the study of human behavior. This trend accompanies contestations regarding representativeness, privacy, access, and commercial origin. Complementing existing discussions and focusing on knowledge production, we draw attention to the different measurement regimes within passively captured behavioral logs from industries. Taking an institutional perspective on measurement as a management technology, we compare platforms with third-party audience measurement firms. Whereas the latter measure to provide “currency” for a multi-sided advertising market, the former measure internally for their own administrative purposes (i.e. prescribing behavior through design). We demonstrate the platform giants’ two-fold enclosure of first the user ecology and subsequently the previously open market for user attention. With platform trace data serving as a lifeline for scholarly research, platform episteme extends itself to enclose knowledge production. We conclude by suggesting ways in which academic quantitative social sciences may resist these platform enclosures.

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