scholarly journals The Positive Impact of Task Familiarity, Risk Propensity, and Need For Cognition on Observed Timing Decisions in a Security Game

Games ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
David Reitter ◽  
Jens Grossklags
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Need For Cognition ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Average Risk ◽  
Risk Propensity ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Temporal Estimation ◽  
External Risk ◽  
Task Experience ◽  
Security Game

This paper addresses the role of personality characteristics in decisions on the timing of an action, such as in the context of security and safety choices. Examples of such decisions include when to check log files for intruders and when to monitor financial accounts for fraud or errors. Two behavioral studies (n = 461) are conducted. Individual risk propensity and need for cognition are obtained via scales. The task is a game against an opaque computer opponent in which participants make decisions about the timing of actions in response to an unknown external risk factor. The task is not payoff-neutral w.r.t. risk. Difficulty is varied through the availability of explicitly given or decision-critical information, which is observable visually (Study 1) or in temporal memory (Study 2). Across this problem space, we find that risk propensity is not generally a hindrance in timing tasks. Participants of average risk propensity generally benefit from a high need for cognition, particularly when externalized memory is available, as in Study 1. In the more difficult temporal-estimation task, need for cognition was associated with increased payoffs from task experience. In both tasks, higher risk propensity in participants was associated with increased improvements in payoffs from task experience.

Understanding the Investment Behavior of Individual Investors

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-39
Author(s):  
Yavuz Bilgin ◽  
Selin Metin Camgoz ◽  
Mehmet Baha Karan ◽  
Yilmaz Yildiz
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Disposition Effect ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Individual Investors ◽  
Love Of Money ◽  
Risk Takers ◽  
The Individual

The FOREX market has become a popular ground amongst all kinds of market players. The leverage transactions of the market that may generate higher profit levels with low capital/investments make it very attractive for the individual risk takers. The research investigates the trading behavior of FOREX investors relying on the survey data collected from 167 Turkish investors in 2019. Within the scope of the research, the authors evaluate whether and to what extent behavioral factors, namely demographic characteristics; personal characteristics such as personality traits, love of money, and biases like disposition effect influence investment performance. The results reveal that among the personality traits, openness to experience and conscientiousness have a positive impact while disposition effect and love of money have a negative impact on the performance of investors. Additional analysis suggests that the effects of personality traits and biases on trading performance remarkably change among subgroups of investors regarding their income level.

The Adoption of Security Control Apps among Smartphone Users in Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Daniel Koloseni ◽  
Eliamani Mathew Sedoyeka
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Perceived Behavioral Control ◽  
Security Awareness ◽  
Risk Propensity ◽  
Antivirus Software ◽  
Intention To Adopt ◽  
Security Control

Threats to mobile devices and smartphones, in particular, are on the rise, suggesting that data and information residing in the mobile device such as smartphones are in danger of being attacked. The current study employs an extended TBP as a theoretical framework to investigate the adoption of security control apps (i.e. antivirus) to safeguard against the attacks. A theoretical framework was tested using structural equation modelling (SEM) with data collected from 233 respondents. The study found that social influence, attitude and security awareness have an influence on the intention to adopt antivirus software while perceived behavioral control and individual risk propensity have no influence. Further security awareness has an influence on the attitude of smartphone users towards using antivirus software.

scholarly journals Assessing the geographical distribution of comorbidity among commercially insured individuals in South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Mannie ◽  
Hadi Kharrazi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Healthcare Utilization ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Average Risk ◽  
Healthcare Needs

Abstract Background Comorbidities are strong predictors of current and future healthcare needs and costs; however, comorbidities are not evenly distributed geographically. A growing need has emerged for comorbidity surveillance that can inform decision-making. Comorbidity-derived risk scores are increasingly being used as valuable measures of individual health to describe and explain disease burden in populations. Methods This study assessed the geographical distribution of comorbidity and its associated financial implications among commercially insured individuals in South Africa (SA). A retrospective, cross-sectional analysis was performed comparing the geographical distribution of comorbidities for 2.6 million commercially insured individuals over 2016–2017, stratified by geographical districts in SA. We applied the Johns Hopkins ACG® System across the insurance claims data of a large health plan administrator in SA to measure comorbidity as a risk score for each individual. We aggregated individual risk scores to determine the average risk score per district, also known as the comorbidity index (CMI), to describe the overall disease burden of each district. Results We observed consistently high CMI scores in districts of the Free State and KwaZulu-Natal provinces for all population groups before and after age adjustment. Some areas exhibited almost 30% higher healthcare utilization after age adjustment. Districts in the Northern Cape and Limpopo provinces had the lowest CMI scores with 40% lower than expected healthcare utilization in some areas after age adjustment. Conclusions Our results show underlying disparities in CMI at national, provincial, and district levels. Use of geo-level CMI scores, along with other social data affecting health outcomes, can enable public health departments to improve the management of disease burdens locally and nationally. Our results could also improve the identification of underserved individuals, hence bridging the gap between public health and population health management efforts.

Individual Risk Propensity and Risk Background

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-70
Author(s):  
Winston Moore ◽  
April Bernard ◽  
Osaretin Iyare
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
Investment Decisions ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Risk Propensity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Measures Of Risk ◽  
Individual Decisions ◽  
Insurance Decisions

The paper considers the role that socio-psychological and socio-cultural factors play in individual decisions to take risk.  The study employs four main measures of risk propensity: the mean probability of engaging in an investment, insurance or everyday gamble and the amount that would be invested in a hypothetical lottery.  The study finds that gender had a significant influence on the probability of engaging in investment and everyday risk decisions, but a relatively insignificant impact on insurance decisions.  The most important risk background variables were experience in making gambling decisions and confidence in making investment decisions.  Similar results are obtained when the lottery-type measure of risk was employed.

scholarly journals Risk Perception Evaluation of Hazardous Occupational Workers in a Steel Company of Khuzestan Province

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 40-48
Author(s):  
Ali Alboghobeish ◽  
Ehsan Heidari Farsani ◽  
Mehrdad Jaberi ◽  
Syd Amin Jazayeri
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Average Risk ◽  
Safety Behavior ◽  
Continuous Training ◽  
Khuzestan Province ◽  
Occupational Risks

Behavior, practice and how to carry out safe tasks by workers and industrial personnel who exposure to injuries and incidents, Depending on their understanding of the real risks in the workplace. The empirical definition of risk is expressed by calculating the probability of an incident and the magnitude of the consequences of an incident. Employee perceptions of occupational risks have a significant impact on their safety behavior in the workplace. Therefore, research on risk perception is an issue that has attracted many researchers' attention. This descriptive-analytical study was carried out in the winter of 2017 on workers of 10 technical workshops of one of the steel companies of Khuzestan province. Risk perception of workers was assessed using risk perception questionnaire with Cronbach's alpha 0.73. One-way ANOVA, One Sample T-Test and Post Hoc test were used to analyze the data. All perceived risk scores for people were at acceptable levels. The category of individuals in the marital status had the highest score and the experience of the people was the lowest score. Among demographics specification, only education is associated with an average risk perception score. The present study shows that none of the individuals' personal characteristics have a direct and positive impact on risk perception. In order to increase the level of risk perception of workers, planning and developing continuous training programs should be used.  

Risk Regulation and Management Related to the Operation of Hazardous Production Facilities

2020 ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
N.A. Makhutov ◽  
◽  
D.O. Reznikov ◽  
M.V. Lisanov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Safety Management ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Industrial Safety ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Average Risk ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Hazardous Production ◽  
Production Facilities

The paper examines the types of uncertainties associated with operation of hazardous production facilities caused by the natural variability of the facility parameters and the limited knowledge about complex processes in the system under consideration, as well as the uncertainty of the results of quantitative risk assessment. Qualitative and quantitative criteria of tolerable (acceptable) risk adopted in various countries of the world are presented. The article considers the operation of the ALARP principle in making managerial decisions on the need to implement protective measures aimed at reducing individual risk, which allows to provide a compromise between competing requirements for ensuring safety and economic efficiency in the operation of hazardous production facilities. In the future of socio-economic development, due to the improvement of existing and the emergence of new safety technologies, the maximum allowable and acceptable levels of risk should be revised in order to meet more stringent safety requirements. Therefore, the value of tolerable individual risk in case of accidents at hazardous production facilities may not be a strictly specified value (as is generally accepted), but may decrease as the reliability of technological systems increases, the efficiency of industrial safety management increases, and the background (average) risk of mortality decreases. A necessary condition for implementing a risk management system is to improve the efficiency of the system for collecting and analyzing data on reliability, accident rate, monitoring and control of technical condition at hazardous production facilities, and further develop the methodological support for risk analysis within the framework of the currently implemented risk-oriented approach in the field of industrial safety.

There Is No “I” in Team but There Is in Innovation: How Individual Attributes Impact Team Ideation and Selection Practices

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aoran Peng ◽  
Sam Hunter ◽  
Scarlett R. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Team Composition ◽  
Concept Generation ◽  
Team Members ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Abstract While teaming is a vital component of engineering, it is important to remember that there is no team without individuals and individual behavior can drive team outputs. One of these individual factors that may manifest itself at the team level is individual risk-taking attitudes, which can be impacted by personality and preferences for creativity. However, a gap exists in research on the impact of the team composition in these factors on creative outputs, as previous research has found that team composition plays a key role in team performance. The current work was developed to examine how the elevation and diversity of team personality and preferences for creativity impact the novelty and quality of ideas generated and selected by the team through a simulation study of 60,831 simulated teams. The results of this study show that the novelty and quality of ideas generated and selected can be predicted by the elevation and diversity of the simulated teams’ personality and PCS factors. In addition, it was found that the impact of the individual elevation and diversity factors can vary depending on the ideation trait (novelty and quality) and design stage (concept generation and selection). However, there was one variable that had a consistent positive impact on team behavior — the elevation of the Creative Confidence of the Simulated Team Members. These findings provide preliminary evidence on how individual attributes manifest themselves at the team level to impact team ideation and selection performances.

Contractualism and risk preferences

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Tobey K. Scharding
Keyword(s):  
Expected Utility ◽  
Risk Preferences ◽  
Risk Preference ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Average Risk ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Risk Thresholds

Abstract I evaluate two contractualist approaches to the ethics of risk: mutual constraint and the probabilistic, ex ante approach. After explaining how these approaches address problems in earlier interpretations of contractualism, I object that they fail to respond to diverse risk preferences in populations. Some people could reasonably reject the risk thresholds associated with these approaches. A strategy for addressing this objection is considering individual risk preferences, similar to those Buchak discusses concerning expected-utility approaches to risk. I defend the risk-preferences-adjusted (RISPREAD) contractualist approach, which calculates a population’s average risk preference and permits risk thresholds below that preference, only.

scholarly journals Persistence of Use in Children Receiving Growth Hormone Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A681-A682
Author(s):  
Amalia Spataru ◽  
Paula van Dommelen ◽  
Lilian Arnaud ◽  
Quentin Le Masne ◽  
Silvia Quarteroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Hormone Therapy ◽  
Growth Hormone Therapy ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Growth Disorders ◽  
Survival Probabilities ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Background: Long-term persistence of use and starting at the earliest possible age are associated with attainment of near-normal adult or final height in children who are treated with growth hormone therapy. However, there are many factors associated with a lack of persistence. Our aim was to study persistence of use in children with growth disorders using the easypod™ connected autoinjector e-device, which automatically records adherence data and can transmit them via an online portal (easypod™ connect). We investigated persistence of use, defined indicators of a long persistence of use, and developed a model to predict and identify children at risk of discontinuing treatment in the following 6 months. Data and Methods: Anonymized data from children transmitting over 10 injections between January 2007 and April 2020 were analyzed. A child was considered to discontinue the use if they had no injection in the last 6 months (before April 2020) or had an injection pause of at least 6 consecutive months. Persistence was estimated by Kaplan-Meier analyses and Weibull accelerated failure time modeling. To predict the individual risk of discontinuing the use in the following 6 months, individual survival probabilities curves were estimated for each patient still using the system, and the survival probabilities were then recalculated such that they were conditional on the fact that a child had already used the device for a certain time. The Harrell’s c-index was used to assess the algorithm performance. Results: Data were available for 17,651 children of whom 11,056 discontinued the use and 6,595 were still persistent in April 2020. Median persistence of use for all patients using the device was 2.1 years. There was a highly significant difference in median persistence of use between the regions: 1.0, 1.5 and 2.8 years in the available countries in the Asia-Pacific, America and Europe regions, respectively. Other indicators that had a significant positive impact on persistence of use were: at least one dose change a year, having auxological measurements recorded in the system (and if ‘Yes’, height standard deviation < -2 at start of use had an additional effect), starting treatment at an early age, adherence ≥85%, customized injection speed setting and being male. For the individual prediction, random survival forests showed the best performance (Harrell’s c-index=0.72). Conclusions: Data from the connected autoinjector e-device showed that the persistence of use was approximately 2 years in children with growth disorders. We were able to define 8 indicators that had a positive impact on persistence of use of which several indicators were related to patient management. Our prediction model can be used to identify children needing support to reach longer persistence of use and subsequently optimal clinical outcomes.

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