scholarly journals Quantifying the Density of mmWave NR Deployments for Provisioning Multi-Layer VR Services

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Vitalii Beschastnyi ◽  
Daria Ostrikova ◽  
Roman Konyukhov ◽  
Elizaveta Golos ◽  
Alexander Chursin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Queuing Theory ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Simple Algorithm ◽  
Directional Antenna ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Base Layer ◽  
Multicast Group ◽  
Multicast Service ◽  
New Radio

The 5G New Radio (NR) technology operating in millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency band is designed for support bandwidth-greedy applications requiring extraordinary rates at the access interface. However, the use of directional antenna radiation patterns, as well as extremely large path losses and blockage phenomenon, requires efficient algorithms to support these services. In this study, we consider the multi-layer virtual reality (VR) service that utilizes multicast capabilities for baseline layer and unicast transmissions for delivering an enhanced experience. By utilizing the tools of stochastic geometry and queuing theory we develop a simple algorithm allowing to estimate the deployment density of mmWave NR base stations (BS) supporting prescribed delivery guarantees. Our numerical results show that the highest gains of utilizing multicast service for distributing base layer is observed for high UE densities. Despite of its simplicity, the proposed multicast group formation scheme operates close to the state-of-the-art algorithms utilizing the widest beams with longest coverage distance in approximately 50–70% of cases when UE density is λ≥0.3. Among other parameters, QoS profile and UE density have a profound impact on the required density of NR BSs while the effect of blockers density is non-linear having the greatest impact on strict QoS profiles. Depending on the system and service parameters the required density of NR BSs may vary in the range of 20–250 BS/km2.

scholarly journals Energy-Efficient Multicast Service Delivery Exploiting Single Frequency Device-To-Device Communications in 5G New Radio Systems

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 2205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Pizzi ◽  
Federica Rinaldi ◽  
Antonella Molinaro ◽  
Antonio Iera ◽  
Giuseppe Araniti
Keyword(s):  
Service Delivery ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Single Frequency ◽  
Multicast Service ◽  
New Radio ◽  
Device To Device ◽  
Radio Systems

scholarly journals Deep Learning-Based Cell-Level and Beam-Level Mobility Management System

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (24) ◽  
pp. 7124
Author(s):  
Roman Klus ◽  
Lucie Klus ◽  
Dmitrii Solomitckii ◽  
Jukka Talvitie ◽  
Mikko Valkama
Keyword(s):  
Mobility Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Mobility Model ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Dense Layer ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
Received Power ◽  
New Radio

The deployment with beamforming-capable base stations in 5G New Radio (NR) requires an efficient mobility management system to reliably operate with minimum effort and interruption. In this work, we propose two artificial neural network models to optimize the cell-level and beam-level mobility management. Both models consist of convolutional, as well as dense, layer blocks. Based on current and past received power measurements, as well as positioning information, they choose the optimum serving cell and serving beam, respectively. The obtained results show that the proposed cell-level mobility model is able to sustain a strong serving cell and reduce the number of handovers by up to 94.4% compared to the benchmark solution when the uncertainty (representing shadowing, interference, etc.) is introduced to the received signal strength measurements. The proposed beam-level mobility management model is able to proactively choose and sustain the strongest serving beam, even when high uncertainty is introduced to the measurements.

scholarly journals A Fast Link Initialization Protocol for Beam-Steering based Cellular Backhaul Systems

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Markus Petri ◽  
Marcus Ehrig ◽  
Markus Günther
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Beam Steering ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Mobile Data ◽  
User Expectations ◽  
Network Topologies ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Directive Antennas

<p>To deal with the enormous increase of mobile data traffic, new cellular network topologies are necessary. The reduction of cell area and the usage of light-weighted base stations serving only a handful of users, commonly known as the small cell approach, seems to be a suitable solution addressing changes in user expectations and usage scenarios. This paper is an extended version of [1], where current challenges of small cell deployments were presented from a backhaul perspective. A mesh-type backhaul network topology based on beam-steering millimeter-wave systems was proposed as a future-proof solution. In this paper, we focus on a link initialization protocol for beam-steering with highly directive antennas. Special requirements and problems for link setup are analyzed. Based on that, a fast protocol for link initialization is presented and it is evaluated in terms of the resulting initialization speed-up compared to state-of-the-art solutions. Furthermore, a potential approach for extending the fast link initialization protocol to support point-to-multipoint connections is given.</p>

scholarly journals Deep-learning-based macro-pixel synthesis and lossless coding of light field images

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ionut Schiopu ◽  
Adrian Munteanu
Keyword(s):  
Light Field ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
View Synthesis ◽  
Base Layer ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Enhancement Layer ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Average Improvement ◽  
Lossless Coding ◽  
One Step

Abstract This paper proposes a novel approach for lossless coding of light field (LF) images based on a macro-pixel (MP) synthesis technique which synthesizes the entire LF image in one step. The reference views used in the synthesis process are selected based on four different view configurations and define the reference LF image. This image is stored as an array of reference MPs which collect one pixel from each reference view, being losslessly encoded as a base layer. A first contribution focuses on a novel network design for view synthesis which synthesizes the entire LF image as an array of synthesized MPs. A second contribution proposes a network model for coding which computes the MP prediction used for lossless encoding of the remaining views as an enhancement layer. Synthesis results show an average distortion of 29.82 dB based on four reference views and up to 36.19 dB based on 25 reference views. Compression results show an average improvement of 29.9% over the traditional lossless image codecs and 9.1% over the state-of-the-art.

scholarly journals Hierarchical Modulation with Vector Rotation for E-MBMS Transmission in LTE Systems

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Zhao ◽  
Xiaoping Zhou ◽  
Yunchuan Yang ◽  
Wenbo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Simple Technique ◽  
Scalable Video Coding ◽  
Base Layer ◽  
Hierarchical Modulation ◽  
Multicast Service ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
Quality Video ◽  
Vector Rotation ◽  
Mobile Market

Enhanced Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service (E-MBMS) is considered of key importance for the proliferation of Long-Term Evolution (LTE) network in mobile market. Hierarchical modulation (HM), which involves a “base-layer” (BL) and an “enhancement-layer” (EL) bit streams, is a simple technique for achieving tradeoff between service quality and radio coverage. Therefore, it is appealing for MBMS. Generally, HM suffers from the severe performance degradation of the less protected EL stream. In this paper, HM with vector rotation operation introduced to EL stream is proposed, in order to improve EL's performance. With the proper interleaving in frequency domain, this operation can exploit the inherent diversity gain from the multipath channel. In this way, HM with vector rotation can effectively enhance multimedia broadcasting on quality video and coverage. The simulation results with scalable video coding (SVC) as source show the significant benefits in comparison with the conventional HM and alternative schemes.

scholarly journals Layered-Division Multiplexing in 5G New -Radio for Terrestrial Broadcast Services

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 5183-5190
Author(s):  
MadhusmitaShial Et. al.
Keyword(s):  
Third Generation ◽  
System A ◽  
Multicast Service ◽  
New Radio ◽  
Sim Card ◽  
Significant Performance ◽  
Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service ◽  
Multicast Services ◽  
User Device ◽  
Third Generation Partnership Project

The 5G system can deliver simultaneouslyunicast services, multicast services and broadcast services using the conventional high-power high- tower (HPHT) infrastructure and with the same spectrum.The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) LTEevolved -multimedia broadcast- multicast service (eMBMS) have new features designed for Terrestrial Broadcast services in Release 14.  A broadcast service means only receive mode, only downlink no uplink or inserting a SIM card not needed. In free to air reception without a SIM card or without user device registration with the network the content can be received. This specification is standardized in release 15. In this study a two layer Layered-Division Multiplexing (LDM) is used in 5G new radio (NR).A significant performance could be analyzed in a 5G- NRMBMS  by using two layer LDM system for delivering terrestrial broadcast services. The performance analysis demonstrated by computer simulations. Using two-layer LDM in 5G-NRMBMS system a high-qualityservice can be provided to both handheld and fixed devices

scholarly journals Analysis of the Actual Power and EMF Exposure from Base Stations in a Commercial 5G Network

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 5280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Colombi ◽  
Paramananda Joshi ◽  
Bo Xu ◽  
Fatemeh Ghasemifard ◽  
Vignesh Narasaraju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peak Power ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Beam Direction ◽  
Transmit Power ◽  
Mimo Antennas ◽  
5G Network ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
Fixed Beam

In this work, monitoring of the transmit power for several base stations operating in a live 5G network (Telstra, Australia) was conducted with the purpose of analyzing the radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure levels. The base stations made use of state-of-the-art massive MIMO antennas utilizing beamforming in order to optimize the signal strength at the user’s device. In order to characterize the actual EMF exposure from 5G base stations, knowledge of the amount of power dynamically allocated to each beam is therefore of importance. Experimental data on the spatial distribution of the base stations’ transmit power were gathered directly from the network by extracting information on the radio and baseband operations. Out of more than 13 million samples collected over 24 h, the maximum time-averaged power per beam direction was found to be well-below the theoretical maximum and lower than what was predicted by the existing statistical models. The results show that assuming constant peak power transmission in a fixed beam direction leads to an unrealistic EMF exposure assessment. This work provides insights relevant for the standardization of EMF compliance assessment methodologies applicable for 5G base stations.

scholarly journals Using Infinite-server Resource Queue with Splitting of Requests for Modeling Two-channel Data Transmission

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatyana Bushkova ◽  
Svetlana Moiseeva ◽  
Alexander Moiseev ◽  
János Sztrik ◽  
Ekaterina Lisovskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Communication Networks ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Arrival Process ◽  
Splitting Function ◽  
Wave Band ◽  
New Radio

AbstractNew Radio Access Technology 3GPP New Radio has become the fundamental wireless technology in the fifth-generation networks, which allows us to achieve high data rates due to the ability to work in the millimeter-wave band. But the key feature and the main problem of 5G New Radio networks is that people themselves, cars, buildings, etc. are signal blockers, while the base stations of the fourth generation networks have widescreen broadcasting and such small obstacles do not cause loss of connection. Service providers and mobile operators are already testing the proposed technology. In this connection, the scientific community has the task of analyzing the performance of these systems and increasing it in the future. Currently, there are known studies of “basic” mathematical models of such networks. By this term, we mean models built in the simplest possible assumptions. However, due to the justified necessity of introducing new technology into the daily lives of subscribers, service providers pose the scientific community with the task of analyzing the effectiveness of the most appropriate mathematical models. For example, a technology of splitting transmitted data into two streams using as 5G and both 4G transmission technologies is considered now by 3GPP Project Coordination Group. The paper is devoted to such a problem. We consider a mathematical model of the message transmitting with the implementation of the splitting function in the communication networks of New Radio technology in the form of a resource queueing system with a renewal arrival process and non-exponential service. For this problem, an approximation of a stationary two-dimensional probability distribution of the number of occupied resources in parallel service units is obtained. It is shown that this approximation coincides with the Gaussian distribution, and its area of applicability is shown.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document