scholarly journals Analysis of the Actual Power and EMF Exposure from Base Stations in a Commercial 5G Network

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 5280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Colombi ◽  
Paramananda Joshi ◽  
Bo Xu ◽  
Fatemeh Ghasemifard ◽  
Vignesh Narasaraju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peak Power ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Beam Direction ◽  
Transmit Power ◽  
Mimo Antennas ◽  
5G Network ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
Fixed Beam

In this work, monitoring of the transmit power for several base stations operating in a live 5G network (Telstra, Australia) was conducted with the purpose of analyzing the radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure levels. The base stations made use of state-of-the-art massive MIMO antennas utilizing beamforming in order to optimize the signal strength at the user’s device. In order to characterize the actual EMF exposure from 5G base stations, knowledge of the amount of power dynamically allocated to each beam is therefore of importance. Experimental data on the spatial distribution of the base stations’ transmit power were gathered directly from the network by extracting information on the radio and baseband operations. Out of more than 13 million samples collected over 24 h, the maximum time-averaged power per beam direction was found to be well-below the theoretical maximum and lower than what was predicted by the existing statistical models. The results show that assuming constant peak power transmission in a fixed beam direction leads to an unrealistic EMF exposure assessment. This work provides insights relevant for the standardization of EMF compliance assessment methodologies applicable for 5G base stations.

scholarly journals Evaluación de niveles de exposición electromagnética causados por las estaciones base de Telefonía Móvil Celular [Assessment for electromagnetic exposure level caused by cellular mobile transmitting antennas in base station]

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walder de Jesús Canova García
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Field Exposure ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
Mobile Base Station ◽  
Cellular Mobile ◽  
Mobile Base

Resumen El creciente número de estaciones base de telefonía móvil celular alrededor de sectores residenciales o tránsito de personas, causa preocupación en la comunidad sobre si la radiación de campos electromagnéticos puedan causar riesgos en la salud. Internacionalmente existen estándares que establecen límites a las diversas fuentes de campos electromagnéticos para garantizar que se minimizan los riesgos en la salud. Cada país adopta dentro de su legislación algún estándar o recomendación y exige su cumplimiento a los operadores de estaciones de telecomunicaciones, por ejemplo en Colombia rige el decreto 195 de 2005. El artículo presenta una evaluación, basados en mediciones técnicas en el 2010, para obtener los niveles de exposición a campos electromagnéticos generados por las antenas instaladas en las estaciones base de telefonía móvil. Luego aparece el procedimiento general de mediciones, donde incluye el plan ejecutorial de mediciones, la configuración de la instrumentación y la caracterización de los lugares y puntos de medición. Por último, los resultados medidos en algunos lugares, donde las antenas de transmisión cumplían con la normativa adoptada en Colombia. Palabras Clave: Exposición a campos Electromagnéticos, Estaciones base de Telefonía móvil celular, Mediciones de banda angosta.   Abstract The growth of installations of transmitting antennas on base stations surrounding residential spaces or person traffic causes concerns in the community, about whether the radiation of electromagnetic fields of transmitting antennas in mobile base station can generate health risk. Over the world, there are standards that establish maximum levels permitted to different electromagnetic field sources to accomplish security ranges for health risks. Each country adopts in their legislation some international standard and requires to telecommunication operators stations for its compliance. In Colombian, the decree 195 of 2005 is still valid. This article shows an assessment, based on technical measurements developed in 2010, to acquire the electromagnetic field exposure levels generated by transmitting antennas installed on Mobile Base Station. This assessment includes the measurement system procedure: plan of measurement, instrumental configuration, and characterization of measurement places. Finally, here presents the measured results in some places, which exposure levels satisfied the adopted legislation in Colombia. Keywords: Electromagnetic Field Exposure, Mobile Base Stations, Narrowband Measurement.

scholarly journals A Fast Link Initialization Protocol for Beam-Steering based Cellular Backhaul Systems

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Markus Petri ◽  
Marcus Ehrig ◽  
Markus Günther
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Beam Steering ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Mobile Data ◽  
User Expectations ◽  
Network Topologies ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Directive Antennas

<p>To deal with the enormous increase of mobile data traffic, new cellular network topologies are necessary. The reduction of cell area and the usage of light-weighted base stations serving only a handful of users, commonly known as the small cell approach, seems to be a suitable solution addressing changes in user expectations and usage scenarios. This paper is an extended version of [1], where current challenges of small cell deployments were presented from a backhaul perspective. A mesh-type backhaul network topology based on beam-steering millimeter-wave systems was proposed as a future-proof solution. In this paper, we focus on a link initialization protocol for beam-steering with highly directive antennas. Special requirements and problems for link setup are analyzed. Based on that, a fast protocol for link initialization is presented and it is evaluated in terms of the resulting initialization speed-up compared to state-of-the-art solutions. Furthermore, a potential approach for extending the fast link initialization protocol to support point-to-multipoint connections is given.</p>

scholarly journals Insulator Segmentation for Power Line Inspection Based on Modified Conditional Generative Adversarial Network

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Zishu Gao ◽  
Guodong Yang ◽  
En Li ◽  
Tianyu Shen ◽  
Zhe Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Power Line ◽  
Power Transmission Lines ◽  
Generative Adversarial Network ◽  
Convolutional Network ◽  
Adversarial Network ◽  
Feature Information

There are a large number of insulators on the transmission line, and insulator damage will have a major impact on power supply security. Image-based segmentation of the insulators in the power transmission lines is a premise and also a critical task for power line inspection. In this paper, a modified conditional generative adversarial network for insulator pixel-level segmentation is proposed. The generator is reconstructed by encoder-decoder layers with asymmetric convolution kernel which can simplify the network complexity and extract more kinds of feature information. The discriminator is composed of a fully convolutional network based on patchGAN and learns the loss to train the generator. It is verified in experiments that the proposed method has better performances on mIoU and computational efficiency than Pix2pix, SegNet, and other state-of-the-art networks.

MPPT Techniques - A Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 1055 ◽  
pp. 182-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarat Kumar Sahoo ◽  
Mayur Bansal
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Solar Array ◽  
Operating Voltage ◽  
Solar Power Generation ◽  
Solar Arrays ◽  
Power Point ◽  
Transmission And Distribution

The use of solar energy is increased now due to its renewable and pollution-free characteristics. The grid connected dc-ac inverters are largely needed for solar power generation which can be used for power transmission and distribution. The electrical power supplied by the solar arrays depends on temperature, isolation and array voltage. It is therefore necessary to adopt MPPT in order to bring the solar array operating voltage near the peak power point. It will help in drawing maximum possible power from the array. This paper presents various techniques used for achieving this target and compares them with each other to know the benefits and drawbacks with each method.Keywords: MPP, P&O, IC, PV, TF.

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