scholarly journals Estimation of Forest Carbon Stocks for National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reporting in South Korea

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sun Lee ◽  
Jong Yim ◽  
Yeong Son ◽  
Yowhan Son ◽  
Raehyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Inventory Systems ◽  
Co2 Removal ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Inventory ◽  
Country Specific

The development of country-specific emission factors in relation to the Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector has the potential to improve national greenhouse gas inventory systems. Forests are carbon sinks in the AFOLU that can play an important role in mitigating global climate change. According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), signatory countries must report forest carbon stocks, and the changes within them, using emission factors from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) or from country-specific values. This study was conducted to estimate forests carbon stocks and to complement and improve the accuracy of national greenhouse gas inventory reporting in South Korea. We developed country-specific emissions factors and estimated carbon stocks and their changes using the different approaches and methods described by the IPCC (IPCCEF: IPCC default emission factors, CSFT: country-specific emission factors by forest type, and CSSP: country-specific emission factors by species). CSFT returned a result for carbon stocks that was 1.2 times higher than the value using IPCCEF. Using CSSP, CO2 removal was estimated to be 60,648 Gg CO2 per year with an uncertainty of 22%. Despite a reduction in total forest area, forests continued to store carbon and absorb CO2, owing to differences in the carbon storage capacities of different forest types and tree species. The results of this study will aid estimations of carbon stock changes and CO2 removal by forest type or species, and help to improve the completeness and accuracy of the national greenhouse gas inventory. Furthermore, our results provide important information for developing countries implementing Tier 2, the level national greenhouse gas inventory systems recommended by the IPCC.

scholarly journals Scenario Analysis for GHG Emission Reduction Potential of the Building Sector for New City in South Korea

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 5514
Author(s):  
Seo-Hoon Kim ◽  
SungJin Lee ◽  
Seol-Yee Han ◽  
Jong-Hun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Building Sector ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
New City

A new government report on climate change shows that global emissions of greenhouse gases have increased to very high levels despite various policies to reduce climate change. Building energy accounts for 40% of the world’s energy consumption and accounts for 33% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. This study applied the LEAP (Long-range energy alternatives planning) model and Bass diffusion method for predicting the total energy consumption and GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emissions from the residential and commercial building sector of Sejong City in South Korea. Then, using the Bass diffusion model, three scenarios were analyzed (REST: Renewable energy supply target, BES: Building energy saving, BEP: Building energy policy) for GHG reduction. The GHG emissions for Sejong City for 2015–2030 were analyzed, and the past and future GHG emissions of the city were predicted in a Business-as-Usual (BAU) scenario. In the REST scenario, the GHG emissions would attain a 24.5% reduction and, in the BES scenario, the GHG emissions would attain 12.81% reduction by 2030. Finally, the BEP scenario shows the potential for a 19.81% GHG reduction. These results could be used to guide the planning and development of the new city.

scholarly journals Dimensions of Blue Carbon and emerging perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 20180781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine E. Lovelock ◽  
Carlos M. Duarte
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Coastal Ecosystems ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Blue Carbon ◽  
Tidal Marshes ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Mitigate Climate Change

Blue Carbon is a term coined in 2009 to draw attention to the degradation of marine and coastal ecosystems and the need to conserve and restore them to mitigate climate change and for the other ecosystem services they provide. Blue Carbon has multiple meanings, which we aim to clarify here, which reflect the original descriptions of the concept including (1) all organic matter captured by marine organisms, and (2) how marine ecosystems could be managed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and thereby contribute to climate change mitigation and conservation. The multifaceted nature of the Blue Carbon concept has led to unprecedented collaboration across disciplines, where scientists, conservationists and policy makers have interacted intensely to advance shared goals. Some coastal ecosystems (mangroves, tidal marshes and seagrass) are established Blue Carbon ecosystems as they often have high carbon stocks, support long-term carbon storage, offer the potential to manage greenhouse gas emissions and support other adaptation policies. Some marine ecosystems do not meet key criteria for inclusion within the Blue Carbon framework (e.g. fish, bivalves and coral reefs). Others have gaps in scientific understanding of carbon stocks or greenhouse gas fluxes, or currently there is limited potential for management or accounting for carbon sequestration (macroalgae and phytoplankton), but may be considered Blue Carbon ecosystems in the future, once these gaps are addressed.

scholarly journals Optimal Sampling Intensity in South Korea for a Land-Use Change Matrix Using Point Sampling

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 677
Author(s):  
Ga-Hyun Moon ◽  
Jong-Su Yim ◽  
Na-Hyun Moon
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Optimal Sampling ◽  
Statistical Efficiency ◽  
Sampling Intensity ◽  
Change Matrix

To report changes in land use, the forestry sector, and land-use change matrix (LUCM), monitoring is necessary in South Korea to adequately respond to the Post-2020 climate regime. To calculate the greenhouse gas statistics observing the principle of transparency required by the Climate Change Convention, a consistent nationwide land-use classification and LUCM are required. However, in South Korea, land-use information is available from the 5th National Forest Inventory conducted in 2006 onwards; therefore, developing methods to determine historical LUCM information, including the base year required by the Intergovernmnetal Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), is essential. To determine the optimal sampling intensity for measuring systematic land-use changes and to estimate the corresponding area of land-use categories for previously unmeasured years, seven intensities—2 × 2 km to 8 × 8 km—were tested using the areas of the 3rd and 4th aerial photographs in time series for forestland, cropland, grassland, wetland, and settlements, according to their standard deviations and estimates of uncertainty. Analyses of statistical accuracy, statistical efficiency, economic efficiency, and convenience showed that a sampling intensity of 4 × 4 km was ideal. Additionally, the categorized areas of unmeasured land-use years were calculated through linear interpolation and extrapolation. Our LUCM can be utilized for developing a national greenhouse gas inventory.

scholarly journals Non-Sewered Sanitation Systems’ Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Balancing Sustainable Development Goal Tradeoffs to End Open Defecation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 11884
Author(s):  
Kelsey Shaw ◽  
Christopher Kennedy ◽  
Caetano C. Dorea
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal ◽  
Development Goal ◽  
Sanitation Systems

Discharge of excreta into the environment and the use of decentralized sanitation technologies, such as septic tanks, pit latrines and ecological sanitation variants (i.e., container-based sanitation), contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions but have remained poorly quantified. The purpose of this analysis was to investigate the impacts that meeting Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6.2 (i.e., ending open defecation by 2030) would have on SDG 13 (i.e., combatting climate impacts). The current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change GHG estimation methodology was used as the basis for calculations in this analysis, augmented with improved emission factors from collected data sets for all types of on-site sanitation infrastructure. Specifically, this assessment focused on the three different service levels of sanitation (i.e., improved, unimproved and no service) as defined by UNICEF and WHO as they pertain to three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. This analysis considered the 100-year global warming potential values in carbon dioxide equivalents of methane and nitrous oxide that can be emitted for each scenario and decentralized sanitation technology. Ultimately, six scenarios were developed for various combinations of pathways and sanitation technologies. There was significant variability between the scenarios, with results ranging from 68 Tg CO2eq/year to 7 TgCO2eq/year. The main contributors of GHG emissions in each scenario were demonstrated to be septic tank systems and pit latrines, although in scenarios that utilized improved emission factors (EFs) these emissions were significantly reduced compared with those using only standard IPCC EFs. This analysis demonstrated that using improved EFs reduced estimated GHG emissions within each SSP scenario by 53% on average. The results indicate that achieving SDG sanitation targets will ultimately increase GHG emissions from the current state but with a relatively small impact on total anthropogenic emissions. There is a need for the continued improvement and collection of field-based emission estimations to refine coarse scale emissions models as well as a better characterization of relevant biodegradation mechanisms in popular forms of on-site sanitation systems. An increase in the understanding of sanitation and climate change linkages among stakeholders will ultimately lead to a better inclusion of sanitation, and other basic human rights, in climate action goals.

Estimation of N2O emissions from agricultural soils in Canada. I. Development of a country-specific methodology

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 641-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Rochette ◽  
D E Worth ◽  
R L Lemke ◽  
B G McConkey ◽  
D J Pennock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Land Use Impacts ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Country Specific

International initiatives such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol require that countries calculate national inventories of their greenhouse gas emissions. The objective of the present study was to develop a country-specific (Tier II) methodology to calculate the inventory of N2O emissions from agricultural soils in Canada. Regional fertilizer-induced emission factors (EFreg) were first determined using available field experimental data. Values for EFreg were 0.0016 kg N2O-N kg-1 N in the semi-arid Brown and 0.008 kg N2O-N kg N-1 in the sub-humid Black soil zones of the Prairie region, and 0.017 kg N2O-N kg-1 N in the humid provinces of Quebec and Ontario. A function relating EFreg to the "precipitation to potential evapotranspiration" ratio was determined to estimate annual emission factors (EFeco) at the ecodistrict scale (≈ 150 000 ha) in all agricultural regions of Canada. Country-specific coefficients were also developed to account for the effect of several additional factors on soil N2O emissions. Emissions from fine-textured soils were estimated as being 50% greater than from coarse- and medium-textured soils in eastern Canada; emissions during winter and spring thaw corresponded to 40% of emissions during the snow-free season in eastern Canada; increased emissions from lower (wetter) sections of the landscape and irrigated areas were accounted for; emissions from no-till soils were 10% greater in eastern, but 20% lower in western Canada than from those under conventional tillage practices; emissions under summerfallow were estimated as being equal to those from soils under annual cropping. This country-specific methodology therefore accounts for regional climatic and land use impacts on N2O emission factors, and includes several sources/offsets that are not included in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) default approach. Key words: Nitrous oxide, soils, greenhouse gases, inventory

scholarly journals A Study on Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions Characteristics from Anthracite Circulating Fluidized Bed Power Plant in Korea

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seehyung Lee ◽  
Jinsu Kim ◽  
Jeongwoo Lee ◽  
Eui-Chan Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Emission Factor ◽  
Circulating Fluidized Bed ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
To Come ◽  
Country Specific

In order to tackle climate change effectively, the greenhouse gas emissions produced in Korea should be assessed precisely. To do so, the nation needs to accumulate country-specific data reflecting the specific circumstances surrounding Korea’s emissions. This paper analyzed element contents of domestic anthracite, calorific value, and concentration of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in the exhaust gases from circulating fluidized bed plant. The findings showed the concentration of CH4and N2O in the flue gas to be 1.85 and 3.25 ppm, respectively, and emission factors were 0.486 and 2.198 kg/TJ, respectively. The CH4emission factor in this paper was 52% lower than default emission factor presented by the IPCC. The N2O emission factor was estimated to be 46% higher than default emission factor presented by the IPCC. This discrepancy can be attributable to the different methods and conditions of combustion because the default emission factors suggested by IPCC take only fuel characteristics into consideration without combustion technologies. Therefore, Korea needs to facilitate research on a legion of fuel and energy consumption facilities to develop country-specific emission factors so that the nation can have a competitive edge in the international climate change convention in the years to come.

scholarly journals Developing Country-Specific Methane Emission Factors and Carbon Fluxes from Enteric Fermentation in South Korean Dairy Cattle Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 9133
Author(s):  
Ridha Ibidhi ◽  
Tae-Hoon Kim ◽  
Rajaraman Bharanidharan ◽  
Hyun-June Lee ◽  
Yoo-Kyung Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Enteric Fermentation ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Tier 1 ◽  
Cattle Farming ◽  
Country Specific

Dairy cattle farming contributes significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through methane (CH4) from enteric fermentation. To complement global efforts to mitigate climate change, there is a need for accurate estimations of GHG emissions using country-specific emission factors (EFs). The objective of this study was to develop national EFs for the estimation of CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation in South Korean dairy cattle. Information on dairy cattle herd characteristics, diet, and management practices specific to South Korean dairy cattle farming was obtained. Enteric CH4 EFs were estimated according to the 2019 refinement of the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) using the Tier 2 approach. Three animal subcategories were considered according to age: milking cows >2 years, 650 kg body weight (BW); heifers 1–2 years, 473 kg BW; and growing animals <1 year, 167 kg BW. The estimated enteric CH4 EFs for milking cows, heifers, and growing animals, were 139, 83, and 33 kg/head/year, respectively. Currently, the Republic of Korea adopts the Tier 1 default enteric CH4 EFs from the North America region for GHG inventory reporting. Compared with the generic Tier 1 default EF of 138 (kg CH4/head/year) proposed by the 2019 refinement to the 2006 IPCC guidelines for high-milking cows, our suggested value for milking cows was very similar (139 kg CH4 /head/year) and different to heifers and growing animals EFs. In addition, enteric CH4 EFs were strongly correlated with the feed digestibility, level of milk production, and CH4 conversion rate. The adoption of the newly developed EFs for dairy cattle in the next national GHG inventory would lead to a potential total GHG reduction from the South Korean dairy sector of 97,000 tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent per year (8%). The outcome of this study underscores the importance of obtaining country-specific EFs to estimate national enteric CH4 emissions, which can further support the assessment of mitigation actions.

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