scholarly journals Correction: Kelley et al. Use of Multi-Temporal LiDAR to Quantify Fertilization Effects on Stand Volume and Biomass in Late-Rotation Coastal Douglas-Fir Forests. Forests 2021, 12, 517

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1363
Author(s):  
Jason Kelley ◽  
John A. (Tony) Trofymow ◽  
Juha M. Metsaranta ◽  
Cosmin N. Filipescu ◽  
Christopher Bone
Keyword(s):  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Stand Volume ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
Fertilization Effects

The authors wish to make the following corrections to their paper [...]

scholarly journals Use of Multi-Temporal LiDAR to Quantify Fertilization Effects on Stand Volume and Biomass in Late-Rotation Coastal Douglas-Fir Forests

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 517
Author(s):  
Jason Kelley ◽  
John A. (Tony) Trofymow ◽  
Juha M. Metsaranta ◽  
Cosmin N. Filipescu ◽  
Christopher Bone
Keyword(s):  
Site Index ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Treatment Area ◽  
Forest Inventories ◽  
Silvicultural Treatments ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
Fertilization Effects ◽  
Mean Square Errors

Forest fertilization is common in coastal British Columbia as a means to increase wood production and potentially enhance carbon sequestration. Generally, the effects of fertilization are determined by measuring sample plots pre- and post-treatment, resulting in fertilization effects being determined for a limited portion of the treatment area. Applications of remote sensing-based enhanced forest inventories have allowed for estimations to expand to the wider forested area. However, these applications have not focused on monitoring the effects of silvicultural treatments. The objective of this research was to examine if a multi-temporal application of the LiDAR area-based method can be used to detect the fertilization effects on volume, biomass, and height in a second-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stand. The study area on Vancouver Island was fertilized in January 2007, and sample plots were established in 2011. LiDAR acquisitions were made in 2004, prior to fertilization, and in 2008, 2011, and 2016, covering both treated and untreated areas. A total of 29 paired LiDAR blocks, comprised of four 20 m resolution raster cells, were selected on either side of the fertilization boundary for analysis of the effects across several different stand types differing in the percentage of Douglas-fir, site index, and age. Random forest (RF) plot-level models were developed to estimate total stem volume and total stem biomass for each year of LiDAR acquisition using an area-based approach. Plot level results showed an increase in stem volume by 13% fertilized over control from 2005 to 2011, which was similar to a 14% increase in above-ground carbon stocks estimated using a tree-ring stand reconstruction approach. Plot-level RF models showed R2 values of 0.86 (volume) and 0.92 (biomass) with relative cross-validated root mean square errors of 12.5% (volume) and 11.9% (biomass). For both the sample plots and LiDAR blocks, statistical results indicated no significant differences in volume or biomass between treatments. However, significant differences in height increments were detected between treatments in LiDAR blocks. The results from this research highlight the promising potential for the use of enhanced forest inventory methods to rapidly expand the assessment of treatment effects beyond sample plots to the stand, block, or landscape level.

Crown structure in western hemlock, Douglas-fir, and grand fir in western Washington: trends in branch-level mass and leaf area

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 1897-1912 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Kershaw Jr. ◽  
Douglas A. Maguire
Keyword(s):  
Branch Length ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Crown Structure ◽  
Indicator Variables ◽  
Western Washington ◽  
Modified Likelihood ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Fertilization Effects

Extensions of a basic allometric equation applied in predicting total foliage of individual trees were developed to estimate foliage and woody components of individual branches in western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), and grand fir (Abiesgrandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.). Nine initial equations were fitted on both nonlinear and log-transformed scales to data collected in the western Cascade Mountains of Washington. In all cases, the logarithmic form of each equation provided the best fit to the data based on a modified likelihood criterion and residual patterns. Branch diameter was the overall best predictor of branch foliage and woody mass; however, significant (p = 0.05) improvements in fit were obtained when other structural and positional variables were included in the equations (e.g., foliated branch length and depth into crown). The effects of fertilization and site (locality) differences were explored using indicator variables for western hemlock branches. Significant site effects were observed for intercept terms for all three branch components (total foliage area, total foliage mass, and total woody mass), while fertilization effects were observed in interaction with relative height above crown base for both foliage components.

Thinning and nitrogen fertilization effects on soil and tree water stress in a Douglas-fir stand

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1334-1338 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Brix ◽  
A. K. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Fertilization Effect ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Soil Water Conditions ◽  
Fertilization Effects

Soil and tree water potentials were studied over a 10-year period in a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stand that was treated when 24 years old with different thinning and nitrogen fertilization regimes. Throughout the 10-year period, thinning increased the soil water potential during the dry summer periods (July–September) by as much as 1 MPa both with and without fertilization. Fertilization effect on soil water potential was slight and only apparent in the latter part of the study in spite of large increases in leaf area (50% after 7 years) possibly because of better stomatal control of water loss. Fertilization increased water use efficiency. The favorable soil water conditions produced by thinning led to improved shoot water potential only during predawn and early morning. Removal of understory in a thinned and fertilized plot did not affect soil or shoot water potential.

Nonlinear models fitted to stand volume–age data compare favourably with British Columbia Forest Service hand-drawn volume–age curves

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sagary Nokoe
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Forest Service ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Stand Volume ◽  
Biological Interpretation

Nonlinear models developed for sigmoid growth and other relationships were applied to stand volume–age data of interior British Columbia Douglas-fir species group. The five nonlinear models used in the study described the data adequately and compared favourably with corresponding hand-drawn volume–age curves of the British Columbia Forest Service. A major advantage of these fitted models over the hand-drawn curves, however, is that the parameters allow biological interpretation.

The dynamics of stand development: a general stand model applied to Douglas-fir

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 696-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Tait
Keyword(s):  
Equilibrium Solution ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Dynamic Equations ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Stand Volume ◽  
Causal Explanations ◽  
Stand Growth

A linked pair of hypotheses which represent causal explanations for plant growth and stand mortality for an even-aged stand are developed. The pair of dynamic equations lead to a four-parameter Douglas-fir simulation model. The four-parameter model relates the development of stand volume and density to site quality, initial stocking density, and alternative thinning regimes. The mortality hypothesis, a dynamic hypothesis related to stand density and stand growth, generates the −3/2 power law as an equilibrium solution.

Long-term effects of tanoak competition on Douglas-fir stand development

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 765-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy B. Harrington ◽  
John C. Tappeiner
Keyword(s):  
Woody Species ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Canopy Layer ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Stand Volume ◽  
Lithocarpus Densiflorus ◽  
Relative Cover ◽  
Selection Of

In 1- to 2-year-old Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) plantations near Cave Junction and Glendale, Oregon, sprout clumps of tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.) and other hardwoods were removed with herbicides in April 1983 to leave relative covers of 0%, 25%, 50%, or 100% of the nontreated cover, which averaged 15%. In 1996 (Cave Junction) and 1998 (Glendale), precommercial thinning (PCT) of Douglas-fir and cutting of nonconifer woody species were operationally applied across the four densities of tanoak. In 2005, Douglas-fir in 0% relative cover of tanoak averaged 5–8 cm larger at breast height and 3–6 m taller, and had two to four times the net stand volume of those growing in 100% relative cover. From 1999 to 2005, Douglas-fir stand growth accelerated more rapidly in tanoak relative covers of 0% and 25% than in covers of 50% and 100%. Differential development of Douglas-fir and hardwoods in relative covers of 0%, 25%, and 100%, followed by selection of crop trees via PCT, resulted in three distinct stand structures: pure stands of Douglas-fir with a single canopy layer 12–16 m tall, mixed stands with overstory Douglas-fir (12 m) and midstory hardwoods (7 m), and mixed stands with a single canopy layer (8–9 m).

Thinning and nitrogen fertilization effects on sapwood development and relationships of foliage quantity to sapwood area and basal area in Douglas-fir

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Brix ◽  
A. K. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Regression Slopes ◽  
Fertilization Effects

A 24-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stand was treated with various levels and combinations of nitrogen fertilization and thinning. Over a period of 5–9 years after treatments, trees were sampled to determine effects on foliage quantity and sapwood characteristics at different stem heights together with their relationships. Sapwood width remained relatively constant up the stem where heartwood was present, but the number of annual rings it contained decreased with height. The sapwood width at breast height (bh) increased with stem diameter; treatments had little effect on percent sapwood at bh. The ratio of foliage mass to sapwood cross-sectional area changed for different portions of the crown and was lower when based on sapwood area at bh than at base of live crown. Significant linear relationships of foliage mass and area to sapwood area at bh were found, but relationships of foliage to basal area (bh) were just as close for all treatments; treatments significantly affected these relationships with control trees having the lowest regression slopes.

Old-Growth Douglas-Fir and Western Hemlock: A 36-Year Record of Growth and Mortality

1987 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 111-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean S. DeBell ◽  
Jerry F. Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Volume Growth ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Stand Volume

Abstract Growth and mortality were measured at 6-year intervals in a 1,180-acre old-growth stand in southwestern Washington. Principal tree species were Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis), western redcedar (Thuja plicata), and western white pine (Pinus monticola). They composed 59, 27, 6, 6, and 1%, respectively, of the total cubic volume (13,290 ft³) in 1947. Gross volume growth averaged 94 ft³ per acre per year, and mortality averaged 86 ft³ per acre per year. Net growth was therefore minimal, and total stand volume remained nearly constant for 36 years. Douglas-fir, which accounted for only one-third of the gross growth and nearly one-half of the mortality, is losing dominance to western hemlock, which provided nearly one-half the gross growth and only 28% of the mortality. Pacific silver fir increased in importance in the lower canopy and composed 60% of the in-growth. Thus, although net gain in timber volume was nil, substantial changes occurred in stand characteristics during the 1947-1983 period. West. J. Appl. For. 2(4):111-114, October 1987.

scholarly journals Effects of Growing Space on Growth for 20-Year-Old Giant Sequoia, Ponderosa Pine, and Douglas-Fir in the Sierra Nevada

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Galen G. Peracca ◽  
Kevin L. O'Hara
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Stand Volume ◽  
Giant Sequoia ◽  
Increasing Trends

Abstract Relationships between growing space per tree and tree growth components (dbh, height, percentage of live crown, height-diameter ratio, tree volume, and tree biomass) were studied in three single-species, 20-year-old Nelder plots in the Sierra Nevada. Study species included ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa [P.&C. Lawson]), coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) and giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum [Lindl.] Buchh.). Spacing distance between trees varied from 1.77 to 17.78 ft, and growing space per tree varied from 4.1 to 411.0 ft2 (computed using Thiessen polygons). Relationships between growing space and tree height, tree diameter, and percentage of live crown were all significant and showed increasing trends as growing space per tree increased. Height:diameter ratios were high at close spacing and decreased with increasing growing space. Volume growth and biomass per tree increased, whereas stand volume and stand biomass decreased with increased growing space. Ponderosa pine produced the most stand volume and biomass of the three species.

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