scholarly journals Flux-Based Ozone Risk Assessment for a Plant Injury Index (PII) in Three European Cool-Temperate Deciduous Tree Species

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasutomo Hoshika ◽  
Elisa Carrari ◽  
Barbara Mariotti ◽  
Sofia Martini ◽  
Alessandra De Marco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Injury Index ◽  
Leaf Formation ◽  
Plant Level ◽  
Plant Injury ◽  
Species Specific

This study investigated visible foliar ozone (O3) injury in three deciduous tree species with different growth patterns (indeterminate, Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.; intermediate, Sorbus aucuparia L.; and determinate, Vaccinium myrtillus L.) from May to August 2018. Ozone effects on the timing of injury onset and a plant injury index (PII) were investigated using two O3 indices, i.e., AOT40 (accumulative O3 exposure over 40 ppb during daylight hours) and PODY (phytotoxic O3 dose above a flux threshold of Y nmol m−2 s−1). A new parameterization for PODY estimation was developed for each species. Measurements were carried out in an O3 free-air controlled exposure (FACE) experiment with three levels of O3 treatment (ambient, AA; 1.5 × AA; and 2.0 × AA). Injury onset was found in May at 2.0 × AA in all three species and the timing of the onset was determined by the amount of stomatal O3 uptake. It required 4.0 mmol m−2 POD0 and 5.5 to 9.0 ppm·h AOT40. As a result, A. glutinosa with high stomatal conductance (gs) showed the earliest emergence of O3 visible injury among the three species. After the onset, O3 visible injury expanded to the plant level as confirmed by increased PII values. In A. glutinosa with indeterminate growth pattern, a new leaf formation alleviated the expansion of O3 visible injury at the plant level. V. myrtillus showed a dramatic increase of PII from June to July due to higher sensitivity to O3 in its flowering and fruiting stage. Ozone impacts on PII were better explained by the flux-based index, PODY, as compared with the exposure-based index, AOT40. The critical levels (CLs) corresponding to PII = 5 were 8.1 mmol m−2 POD7 in A. glutinosa, 22 mmol m−2 POD0 in S. aucuparia, and 5.8 mmol m−2 POD1 in V. myrtillus. The results highlight that the CLs for PII are species-specific. Establishing species-specific O3 flux-effect relationships should be key for a quantitative O3 risk assessment.

scholarly journals Timeline of Leaf and Cambial Phenology in Relation to Development of Initial Conduits in Xylem and Phloem in Three Coexisting Sub-Mediterranean Deciduous Tree Species

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1104
Author(s):  
Jožica Gričar ◽  
Andreja Vedenik ◽  
Gregor Skoberne ◽  
Polona Hafner ◽  
Peter Prislan
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Cambial Cell ◽  
Cell Production ◽  
Sieve Tubes ◽  
Earlywood Vessels

It is unclear how the anticipated climate change will affect the timing of phenology of different tree organs/tissues and thus the whole-tree functioning. We examined the timing of leaf phenology and secondary growth in three coexisting deciduous tree species (Quercus pubescens Willd., Fraxinus ornus L. and Ostrya carpinifolia Scop) from a sub-Mediterranean region in 2019. In addition, we investigated the relationship between leaf and cambial phenology and the onset of the potential functioning of initial conduits, as determined by the completed differentiation process (vessels) or final size (sieve tubes). For this purpose, leaf development was monitored and the microcores of cambium and the youngest phloem and xylem increments were repeatedly collected at 7–10-day intervals during the growing season. The results revealed differences in the timing of leaf development and seasonal radial growth patterns in spring among the studied tree species, depending on wood porosity. We found that cambial cell production started in all cases in the first half of March. However, in ring-porous Q. pubescens and F. ornus, radial growth in the stem occurred more than a month before buds were swollen, whereas in diffuse-porous O. carpinifolia, these two events were detected at almost the same time. The end of cambial cell production occurred earliest in F. ornus (mid-July) and two weeks later also in the other two species. The widest initial earlywood vessels and early phloem sieve tubes were found in Q. pubescens, the narrowest initial earlywood vessels in O. carpinifolia and the narrowest early phloem sieve tubes in F. ornus. This indicates differences in the efficiency of conducting systems among the studied species. This novel approach of studying phloem phenology and anatomy in relation to leaf and xylem development contributes to a better understanding of how different tree species adapt their structure of secondary vascular tissues in response to environmental change.

scholarly journals Historical Tree Species Height Growth Pattern Associated With Climate Change in Western North America

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yassine Messaoud ◽  
Anya Reid ◽  
Nadezhda M. Tchebakova ◽  
Annika Hofgaard ◽  
Faouzi Messsaoud
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
North America ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Species Range ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract BackgroundThe climate variables effect on tree growth in boreal and temperate forests has received increased interest in the global context of climate change. However, most studies are geographically limited and involved few tree species. Here, sixteen tree species across western North America were used to investigate tree response to climate change at the species range scale. MethodsForest inventory data from 36,944 stands established between 1600 and 1968 throughout western Canada and USA were summarized. Height growth (total height at breast-height age of 50 years) of healthy dominant and co-dominant trees were related to annual and summer temperatures, annual and summer Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI, and tree establishment date (ED). Climate-induced height growth patterns were then tested to determine links to spatial environment (soil conditions and geographic locations), species range (coastal, interior, and both ranges) and species traits (shade tolerance and leaf form), using linear mixed model for the global height growth and general linear model to test the height growth patterns for each species. ResultsIncrease of temperatures and PDSI had a positive effect on height growth for most of the study species, whereas Alaska yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, (D. Don) Spach) height growth declined with ED. All explaining variables and the interactions explained 59% of the total height growth variance. Although tree height growth response was species-specific, increased height growth during the 20th century was more pronounced for coastal ranged species, high shade tolerant species, and broadleaf species. Furthermore, height growth increase occurred mostly on rich soil, at the northernmost species range, and, unexpectedly, at lower elevations. A decline in height growth for some species further north and especially higher in elevation possibly related to increased cloudiness and precipitation. However, drought conditions remain in interior areas despite moving northward and upward that decrease height growth. ConclusionThese results highlight the general trend (species characteristics and range) and the species-specific height patterns, indicating the spatio-temporal complexity of the growth response to recent global climate change.

Seasonal courses of maximum hydraulic conductance in shoots of six temperate deciduous tree species

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 1077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krõõt Aasamaa ◽  
Anu Sõber
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Dynamics ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Salix Caprea ◽  
Seasonal Course ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Temperate Deciduous ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Species Specific

The seasonal course of maximum hydraulic conductance of leaf laminae (K lamina) of shoots correlated strongly with the seasonal course of the maximum hydraulic conductance of leaf laminae of HgCl2-treated shoots (K lamina(HgCl2)), and with the seasonal course of the difference (dK lamina) between K lamina and K lamina(HgCl2). However, it did not correlate strongly with the seasonal course of the hydraulic conductance of stem and petioles of the shoot (K stpt) in six temperate deciduous tree species. The species ranked according to K lamina as follows: Populus tremula L. > Salix caprea L. > Padus avium Mill. > Quercus robur L. > Tilia cordata Mill. > Acer platanoides L. The species-specific maxima of K lamina correlated positively with the simultaneous values of K lamina(HgCl2), dK lamina and K stpt; the correlation was strongest with K lamina(HgCl2). It was concluded that the seasonal dynamics of maximum hydraulic conductance of leaf laminae was determined almost equally by the seasonal dynamics of the hydraulic conductance of foliar protoplasts and apoplast, but the inter-specific differences in K lamina were mainly caused by the different apoplastic hydraulic conductance in leaves of these species. The relative contribution of dK lamina (in K lamina) was highest in slow-growing species (~55% in A. platanoides) and the lowest in fast-growers (~30% in S. caprea).

Tree rings and growth trajectories of tree species from seasonally dry tropical forest

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Carolina Maioli Barbosa ◽  
Gabriel Assis Pereira ◽  
Daniela Granato-Souza ◽  
Rubens Manoel Santos ◽  
Marcos Aurélio Leite Fontes
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forest ◽  
Tree Rings ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest ◽  
Dry Tropical Forest ◽  
Seasonally Dry

The presence of distinct growth rings in a large number of tropical tree species has allowed a range of studies involving the growth history during the life span of the tree. This work aimed to examine the presence of tree rings and study growth patterns of tree species from five seasonally dry tropical forest fragments. Wood cores were extracted using 5-mm increment borer. The macroscopic structure of growth rings from 24 deciduous tree species was observed under stereomicroscope and classified according to anatomical features and visibility of the ring boundary. Distinct growth rings were detected for 19 species (79%). Seven species were submitted to tree-ring analyses, including cross-dating and dating quality control using the COFECHA program. Dated ring-series were analysed by comparing increment rates and accumulated diameter at breast height fitted curves to detect growth patterns. The variations among growth curves indicated different strategies of establishment and development for each studied species, and allowed the identification of different ecological groups. The results show the potential of tree rings to study populations and communities of seasonally dry tropical forest.

Purification of plasma membranes from leaves of conifer and deciduous tree species by phase partitioning and free-flow electrophoresis

1995 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Toll ◽  
Federico J. Castillo ◽  
Pierre Crespi ◽  
Michele Crevecoeur ◽  
Hubert Greppin
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Free Flow ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Phase Partitioning

Impact of Deer Browsing on Regeneration in Mixed Stands in Southern New England

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Kittredge ◽  
P. Mark S. Ashton
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
Southern New England ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract Browsing preferences by white-tailed deer were evaluated for 6 tree species in northeastern Connecticut. Deer density averaged 23/mile². Deer exhibited no species-specific preferences for seedlings greater than 19 in. For seedlings less than 19 in., hemlock and black birch were preferred. Red maple, sugar maple, and white pine seedlings were avoided. Red oak seedlings were neither preferred nor avoided. A much higher proportion of seedlings greater than 19.7 in. in height was browsed, regardless of species. Browsing preferences for species in the smaller seedling class, combined with a lack of preference for species in the larger class may result in future stands with less diverse tree species composition. Deer densities in excess of 23/mile² may be incompatible with regeneration of diverse forests in southern New England. North. J. Appl. For. 12(3):115-120.

Differences between height- and light-dependent changes in shoot traits in five deciduous tree species

Oecologia ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 174 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriyuki Osada ◽  
Yoshihiko Okabe ◽  
Daisuke Hayashi ◽  
Tomonori Katsuyama ◽  
Naoko Tokuchi
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Deciduous Tree

How anatomical and morphological characteristics affect the flexural properties of two angiosperm species at the sapling stage

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 5843-5858
Author(s):  
Seray Özden Keleş
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Flexural Properties ◽  
Functional Stability ◽  
Growth Stability ◽  
Fagus Orientalis Lipsky ◽  
Angiosperm Species ◽  
Common Oak

The sapling stage is an important phase due to maintaining plant growth, stability, and survival over the life cycle of trees. However, there are limited investigations in the literature related to both growth and stability of different tree species. This study thus investigated how different tree species at the sapling stage showed different anatomical, morphological, and flexural traits despite being of similar age and growing under the same environmental conditions. The variation of sapling properties was determined in two deciduous tree species: common oak (Quercus robur L.) and Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky). The results of anatomical and morphological measurements showed that the highest average values of ray length, ray width, pith radius, pith%, bark%, and node numbers were obtained in oak saplings, whereas average ring width, number of rays, and wood% were found to be higher in beech saplings. Oak also exhibited better functional stability in its saplings. The flexural properties were almost 60% greater in oak stems than beech stems. The variations in flexural properties were explained by the morphological and anatomical traits since stability was positively correlated with pith radius, pith%, and bark% and negatively correlated with the number of rays and wood%.

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