scholarly journals Timeline of Leaf and Cambial Phenology in Relation to Development of Initial Conduits in Xylem and Phloem in Three Coexisting Sub-Mediterranean Deciduous Tree Species

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1104
Author(s):  
Jožica Gričar ◽  
Andreja Vedenik ◽  
Gregor Skoberne ◽  
Polona Hafner ◽  
Peter Prislan
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Cambial Cell ◽  
Cell Production ◽  
Sieve Tubes ◽  
Earlywood Vessels

It is unclear how the anticipated climate change will affect the timing of phenology of different tree organs/tissues and thus the whole-tree functioning. We examined the timing of leaf phenology and secondary growth in three coexisting deciduous tree species (Quercus pubescens Willd., Fraxinus ornus L. and Ostrya carpinifolia Scop) from a sub-Mediterranean region in 2019. In addition, we investigated the relationship between leaf and cambial phenology and the onset of the potential functioning of initial conduits, as determined by the completed differentiation process (vessels) or final size (sieve tubes). For this purpose, leaf development was monitored and the microcores of cambium and the youngest phloem and xylem increments were repeatedly collected at 7–10-day intervals during the growing season. The results revealed differences in the timing of leaf development and seasonal radial growth patterns in spring among the studied tree species, depending on wood porosity. We found that cambial cell production started in all cases in the first half of March. However, in ring-porous Q. pubescens and F. ornus, radial growth in the stem occurred more than a month before buds were swollen, whereas in diffuse-porous O. carpinifolia, these two events were detected at almost the same time. The end of cambial cell production occurred earliest in F. ornus (mid-July) and two weeks later also in the other two species. The widest initial earlywood vessels and early phloem sieve tubes were found in Q. pubescens, the narrowest initial earlywood vessels in O. carpinifolia and the narrowest early phloem sieve tubes in F. ornus. This indicates differences in the efficiency of conducting systems among the studied species. This novel approach of studying phloem phenology and anatomy in relation to leaf and xylem development contributes to a better understanding of how different tree species adapt their structure of secondary vascular tissues in response to environmental change.

scholarly journals Flux-Based Ozone Risk Assessment for a Plant Injury Index (PII) in Three European Cool-Temperate Deciduous Tree Species

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasutomo Hoshika ◽  
Elisa Carrari ◽  
Barbara Mariotti ◽  
Sofia Martini ◽  
Alessandra De Marco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Injury Index ◽  
Leaf Formation ◽  
Plant Level ◽  
Plant Injury ◽  
Species Specific

This study investigated visible foliar ozone (O3) injury in three deciduous tree species with different growth patterns (indeterminate, Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.; intermediate, Sorbus aucuparia L.; and determinate, Vaccinium myrtillus L.) from May to August 2018. Ozone effects on the timing of injury onset and a plant injury index (PII) were investigated using two O3 indices, i.e., AOT40 (accumulative O3 exposure over 40 ppb during daylight hours) and PODY (phytotoxic O3 dose above a flux threshold of Y nmol m−2 s−1). A new parameterization for PODY estimation was developed for each species. Measurements were carried out in an O3 free-air controlled exposure (FACE) experiment with three levels of O3 treatment (ambient, AA; 1.5 × AA; and 2.0 × AA). Injury onset was found in May at 2.0 × AA in all three species and the timing of the onset was determined by the amount of stomatal O3 uptake. It required 4.0 mmol m−2 POD0 and 5.5 to 9.0 ppm·h AOT40. As a result, A. glutinosa with high stomatal conductance (gs) showed the earliest emergence of O3 visible injury among the three species. After the onset, O3 visible injury expanded to the plant level as confirmed by increased PII values. In A. glutinosa with indeterminate growth pattern, a new leaf formation alleviated the expansion of O3 visible injury at the plant level. V. myrtillus showed a dramatic increase of PII from June to July due to higher sensitivity to O3 in its flowering and fruiting stage. Ozone impacts on PII were better explained by the flux-based index, PODY, as compared with the exposure-based index, AOT40. The critical levels (CLs) corresponding to PII = 5 were 8.1 mmol m−2 POD7 in A. glutinosa, 22 mmol m−2 POD0 in S. aucuparia, and 5.8 mmol m−2 POD1 in V. myrtillus. The results highlight that the CLs for PII are species-specific. Establishing species-specific O3 flux-effect relationships should be key for a quantitative O3 risk assessment.

Contrasting radial growth and canopy recruitment patterns in Liriodendrontulipifera and Nyssasylvatica: gap-obligate versus gap-facultative tree species

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 2141-2149 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Orwig ◽  
Marc D. Abrams
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Dynamics ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Canopy Gaps ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Growth Strategies ◽  
Shade Tolerant Species ◽  
Quercus Forests

Radial growth patterns, canopy recruitment characteristics, and disturbance histories were examined in a shade-tolerant species, Nyssasylvatica Marsh., and a shade-intolerant species, Liriodendrontulipifera L., to determine the influence of canopy gaps in species with contrasting life histories. Tree cores of these co-occurring species were taken from three mixed-Quercus forests in northern Virginia. Most N. sylvatica individuals became established prior to 1850 and experienced multiple release and suppression periods coinciding with logging during the late 1800s and early 1900s. Many L. tulipifera became established during the early 1900s following logging, and only a few individuals experienced prolonged suppression periods. Regardless of site, L. tulipifera grew faster than N. sylvatica (average radial growth >1.70 mm/year for L. tulipifera vs. <0.82 mm/year for N. sylvatica.). Liriodendrontulipifera also exhibited longer periods of mean yearly growth >2 mm (15–37 years for L. tulipifera vs. <5 years for Nsylvatica). Consecutive growth <0.5 mm/year ranged from 43 to 66 years in N. sylvatica vs. 2–11 years in L. tulipifera. Ring width patterns indicate that both species used different strategies following disturbance that enabled them to coexist in these forests. Nyssasylvatica persisted in subcanopy positions for extended periods of time but was capable of responding to release even after 170 years (i.e., gap facultative). In contrast, L. tulipifera appeared to rely on a strategy of rapid height and radial growth for canopy accession following large disturbances (i.e., gap obligate). The results of this study indicate the importance of using dendroecological techniques in the study of forest dynamics and species' growth strategies.

scholarly journals Transition Dates from Earlywood to Latewood and Early Phloem to Late Phloem in Norway Spruce

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 331
Author(s):  
Jožica Gričar ◽  
Katarina Čufar ◽  
Klemen Eler ◽  
Vladimír Gryc ◽  
Hanuš Vavrčík ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Cambial Cell ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Specific Contribution

Climate change will affect radial growth patterns of trees, which will result in different forest productivity, wood properties, and timber quality. While many studies have been published on xylem phenology and anatomy lately, little is known about the phenology of earlywood and latewood formation, also in relation to cambial phenology. Even less information is available for phloem. Here, we examined year-to-year variability of the transition dates from earlywood to latewood and from early phloem to late phloem in Norway spruce (Picea abies) from three temperate sites, two in Slovenia and one in the Czech Republic. Data on xylem and phloem formation were collected during 2009–2011. Sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the specific contribution of growth rate and duration on wood and phloem production, separately for early and late formed parts. We found significant differences in the transition date from earlywood to latewood between the selected sites, but not between growth seasons in trees from the same site. It occurred in the first week of July at PAN and MEN and more than two weeks later at RAJ. The duration of earlywood formation was longer than that of latewood formation; from 31.4 days at PAN to 61.3 days at RAJ. In phloem, we found differences in transition date from early phloem to late phloem also between the analysed growth seasons; from 2.5 weeks at PAN to 4 weeks at RAJ Compared to the transition from earlywood to latewood the transition from early phloem to late phloem occurred 25–64 days earlier. There was no significant relationship between the onset of cambial cell production and the transition dates. The findings are important to better understand the inter-annual variability of these phenological events in spruce from three contrasting temperate sites, and how it is reflected in xylem and phloem anatomy.

Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde exchange during leaf development of the Amazonian deciduous tree species Hymenaea courbaril

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 2275-2279 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rottenberger ◽  
U. Kuhn ◽  
A. Wolf ◽  
G. Schebeske ◽  
S.T. Oliva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Hymenaea Courbaril

Seasonal Rhythms of Xylem Growth Measured by the Wounding Method and With a Band-Dendrometer: An Instance of Chamaecyparis Obtusa

IAWA Journal ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiko Kuroda ◽  
Yoshiuki Kiyono
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Chamaecyparis Obtusa ◽  
Cambial Cell ◽  
Seasonal Rhythms ◽  
Cell Production ◽  
Xylem Growth

The pinning method for the measurement of xylem growth was modified for easier application. Trunks of Chamaecyparis obtusa were monthly incised with a knife instead of a thin needle. Two years later, xylem blocks including wounded areas were harvested. For comparison, circumferential increases of the same trees were measured with a banddendrometer. Measurements from the wounding method indicated a tendency for cambial cell production to accelerate twice a year, around April and August. Circumferential increase measured with the banddendrometer differed from radial growth measured from wounding. Circumferential increase was very small around August and continued after the cessation of cell production. The c1imatic data near the plantation suggested that the circumferential size of the trunk probably is affected by the physical shrinkage of trunks because of water shortage during drought season and trunk swelling following precipitation. Circumferential increments did not reflect the seasonal rhythms of xylem growth. Therefore, for detailed information on radial growth within a season, the wounding method is recommended.

Tree rings and growth trajectories of tree species from seasonally dry tropical forest

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Carolina Maioli Barbosa ◽  
Gabriel Assis Pereira ◽  
Daniela Granato-Souza ◽  
Rubens Manoel Santos ◽  
Marcos Aurélio Leite Fontes
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forest ◽  
Tree Rings ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest ◽  
Dry Tropical Forest ◽  
Seasonally Dry

The presence of distinct growth rings in a large number of tropical tree species has allowed a range of studies involving the growth history during the life span of the tree. This work aimed to examine the presence of tree rings and study growth patterns of tree species from five seasonally dry tropical forest fragments. Wood cores were extracted using 5-mm increment borer. The macroscopic structure of growth rings from 24 deciduous tree species was observed under stereomicroscope and classified according to anatomical features and visibility of the ring boundary. Distinct growth rings were detected for 19 species (79%). Seven species were submitted to tree-ring analyses, including cross-dating and dating quality control using the COFECHA program. Dated ring-series were analysed by comparing increment rates and accumulated diameter at breast height fitted curves to detect growth patterns. The variations among growth curves indicated different strategies of establishment and development for each studied species, and allowed the identification of different ecological groups. The results show the potential of tree rings to study populations and communities of seasonally dry tropical forest.

Purification of plasma membranes from leaves of conifer and deciduous tree species by phase partitioning and free-flow electrophoresis

1995 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Toll ◽  
Federico J. Castillo ◽  
Pierre Crespi ◽  
Michele Crevecoeur ◽  
Hubert Greppin
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Free Flow ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Phase Partitioning

scholarly journals Comparison of the Radial Growth Response of Picea crassifolia to Climate Change in Different Regions of the Central and Eastern Qilian Mountains

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1015
Author(s):  
Xuan Wu ◽  
Liang Jiao ◽  
Dashi Du ◽  
Changliang Qi ◽  
Ruhong Xue
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Central Region ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Qilian Mountains ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Total Precipitation ◽  
Picea Crassifolia ◽  
The Qilian Mountains

It is important to explore the responses of radial tree growth in different regions to understand growth patterns and to enhance forest management and protection with climate change. We constructed tree ring width chronologies of Picea crassifolia from different regions of the Qilian Mountains of northwest China. We used Pearson correlation and moving correlation to analyze the main climate factors limiting radial growth of trees and the temporal stability of the growth–climate relationship, while spatial correlation is the result of further testing the first two terms in space. The conclusions were as follows: (1) Radial growth had different trends, showing an increasing followed by a decreasing trend in the central region, a continuously increasing trend in the eastern region, and a gradually decreasing trend in the isolated mountain. (2) Radial tree growth in the central region and isolated mountains was constrained by drought stress, and tree growth in the central region was significantly negatively correlated with growing season temperature. Isolated mountains showed a significant negative correlation with mean minimum of growing season and a significant positive correlation with total precipitation. (3) Temporal dynamic responses of radial growth in the central region to the temperatures and SPEI (the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index) in the growing season were unstable, the isolated mountains to total precipitation was unstable, and that to SPEI was stable. The results of this study suggest that scientific management and maintenance plans of the forest ecosystem should be developed according to the response and growth patterns of the Qinghai spruce to climate change in different regions of the Qilian Mountains.

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