scholarly journals Comparisons of Estimated Circuity Factor of Forest Roads with Different Vertical Heights in Mountainous Areas, Republic of Korea

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeongkeun Kweon
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Mountain Slope ◽  
Network Distance ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
The Public ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Public Road ◽  
Mountain Terrain

Distance is one of the important factors in determining transportation cost and travel time, and it can be easily estimated by measuring the circuity of road networks. This study calculated the circuity factors to estimate the network distance for 27 forest roads (about 105 km) in South Korea. For this purpose, ridge, mid-slope, and valley roads were classified according to the construction location of the mountain slope, and the weighted and unweighted circuity factor (each 500-m section) were calculated. The average value of weighted circuity was 1.55: mid-slope roads (2.09), ridge roads (1.36), and valley roads (1.09). The average unweighted circuity factors were 1.61 for mid-slope roads, 1.21 for ridge roads, and 1.07 for valley roads. This study found that the circuity of the forest road network was most affected by the mountain terrain. In addition, the circuity factor increased with increasing network distance in the mid-slope roads but was not affected by the network distance in ridges and valleys. To improve the efficiency of transportation in the forest road network, it is important to locate the ladings and properly connect with the public road network.

scholarly journals Road infrastructure in Poland 2014-2030

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 261-265
Author(s):  
Jan Targosz ◽  
Jacek Wiederek
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
Road Infrastructure ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Road ◽  
Public Road ◽  
National Road

The article discusses about the road infrastructure and its evolution from 1989 to the present day, as well as plans for further expansion of both the public road network and the national road network until 2020/2030.

scholarly journals Development and perspective of the forest road infrastructure in the Republic of Macedonia

2015 ◽  
pp. 141-148
Author(s):  
Zdravko Trajanov ◽  
Ljupcho Nestorovski ◽  
Pande Trajkov
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Ecological Functions ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
Optimal Density ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
The Republic

This paper determines the historical development of infrastructure in the forest, streaming the development of the forest road network as a dominant element of infrastructure. The paper also covers the current condition with the openness of forests in Republic of Macedonia. On the basis of scientific research, the results from the optimal density of forest roads are determined. The paper also covers the period for which it is expected to achieve the goals of optimization which is the most efficient forest management without significantly affecting the ecological functions of the forest.

scholarly journals Assessment of the state of a forest road network as a basis for making a program of forest management unit opening

2014 ◽  
pp. 59-71
Author(s):  
Milorad Danilovic ◽  
Dusan Stojnic
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
The State ◽  
M Cell ◽  
Buffer Zones ◽  
Management Units ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
Cell Dimensions ◽  
Absolute Density

The planning of a forest road network is preceded by a detailed analysis of the current qualitative and quantitative state of forest roads, and above all, the determination of their spatial layout. This paper presents a categorization and assessment of the state of the existing roads in the FMUs "Zeljin" and "Bukovik II" and defining of the parts of management units with insufficiently developed networks of forest roads. The identification of unopened and insufficiently opened parts of management units was performed on the basis of density of a forest road network by departments and using a fishnet with 500 x 500 m cell dimensions and buffer zones of different widths around forest roads. The absolute density of a forest road network in the FMU "Zeljin" is 18.62 m/ha and in the FMU "Bukovik II" 12.03 m/ha. After placing buffer zones around forest roads, it was found that in the FMU "Zeljin" over 56% of the area is covered by the zone ranging from 0 to 200 m, while in the FMU "Bukovik II" this zone covers 48% of the area.

scholarly journals A Topographic Wetness Index for Forest Road Quality Assessment: An Application in the Lakeland Region of Finland

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1165
Author(s):  
Katalin Waga ◽  
Jukka Malinen ◽  
Timo Tokola
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Lidar Data ◽  
Topographic Wetness Index ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
Wetness Index ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
Airborne Lidar Data ◽  
Quality Assessments

Research Highlights: A Topographic Wetness Index calculated using LiDAR-derived elevation models can help in identifying unpaved forest roads that need maintenance. Materials and Methods: Low-pulse LiDAR data were used to calculate a Topographic Wetness Index to predict unpaved forest roads’ quality. Results: The results of this analysis and comparison of road-quality features derived from LiDAR data at resolutions of 1, 10 and 25 m for assessing road quality in the boreal forests of Finnish Lakeland show that the wetness index can predict road quality correctly in up to 70% of cases and up to 86% when combined with other auxiliary GIS-based variables. Conclusions: Road-quality assessments, using airborne LiDAR data, can greatly help forest managers to decide which sections of the ageing road network will benefit the most from maintenance, while reducing the need of field visits.

scholarly journals Vieškelių tinklo struktūra Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje XVI–XVII a.

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019/1 ◽  
pp. 33-77
Author(s):  
Tomas Čelkis
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
Entire Region ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The West ◽  
Southwestern Part ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Road ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

The article reconstructs the public road network of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (hereafter referred to as the GDL) in the 16th–17th centuries, and discusses its structure. In the historical sources, special terms describe public roads (highways), which are also called “big”, “great” or “eternal” roads. These were long-distance routes that connected urban, economic, and political centres. Roads and local pathways led towards them. The structure of the public road network in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was based on the distribution of settlements and towns in the country. The densest public road network as in the western and southwestern parts of the GDL; meanwhile in the east of the country it was rather sparse. It depended on geographical features, as the eastern part of the country was marshier and woodier. Besides, the population of the eastern part of the GLD was affected by wars with Moscow. Active development of internal colonization could be observed in the western and southwestern part of the GDL. Intensive life was also affected by the concentration of the sovereign’s estates. All this encouraged the mobility of the population. The cities in the west and southwest of the GDL were enlaced in the network of public roads and were actively involved in the system of land transport and communication. Part of them attracted population not only locally but also from the entire region. During this research, a special scheme map featuring all public roads in the GDL in the 16th–17th centuries, as described in historical sources, was drawn. A separate list of sources, which is the scientific apparatus of the scheme map, is vailable.

scholarly journals Road infrastructure in Poland 2014-2030

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 414-418
Author(s):  
Jan Targosz ◽  
Jacek Wiederek
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
Road Infrastructure ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Road ◽  
National Road

The article discusses road infrastructure and its evolution to this day, as well as plans for further expansion of the public road network and the national road network until 2020/2030.

scholarly journals STUDY OF BRIDGE DAMAGES ON LOCAL ROADS IN LATVIA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberts Auzins ◽  
Ainars Paeglitis
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
Concrete Bridges ◽  
Structural Performance ◽  
Winter Maintenance ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Road ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Bridges ◽  
Local Roads ◽  
Service Conditions ◽  
National Road

Local roads (V class roads) and the bridges on them compose a significant part of the public road network in Latvia. On local roads are around 45% of all bridges located on the national road network. These are mostly reinforced concrete bridges with short or middle span lengths, with one or two traffic lines. Due to low traffic flow, these structures are used lover maintenance classes. The lover maintenance class also includes less de-icing salt in winter maintenance and less founds for maintenance works. At the same time, some of these bridges are located on routes used by heavy timber trucks or trucks taking sand from quarries. Also, agricultural machinery and local people cars are using these bridges for everyday needs. Therefore, the safe exploitation of these structures is essential. Due to different service conditions, the development of deteriorations also will be different. This paper aims to study the development of characteristic types of damages, its causes and consequences and impact on structural performance and service life.

scholarly journals   Determination of correction coefficient of average skidding distance according to the existing road network in Alikia Soltan forest of Iran  

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 475-478
Author(s):  
M. Rezaei ◽  
F. Shafizade ◽  
M.A. Rezaei
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
Correction Coefficient ◽  
Hyrcanian Forest ◽  
Topographic Map ◽  
Road Density ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
Average Slope

One of the factors in planning forest roads is average skidding distance which is calculated in projects from the map, according to forest road density, however it has a low accuracy. In this study real average skidding distance and theoretical average skidding distance were measured to determine a correction coefficient in Alikia Soltan forest in Hyrcanian forest. In this study real average skidding distance was obtained by putting a meter on the axes of trails. Moreover, theoretical average skidding distance was calculated by means of road density according to the formula. Skid trails were recorded by GPS and overlaid to a topographic map by means of ArcGIS software. Results indicated that for the study area with the average slope of 27% and road density of 10.32 the correction coefficient is 2.1.

Optimales Layout einer Walderschliessung

2016 ◽  
Vol 167 (5) ◽  
pp. 294-301
Author(s):  
Leo Bont
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Problem Situation ◽  
Optimal Layout ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
The Road ◽  
Network Cost ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Short Time

Optimal layout of a forest road network The road network is the backbone of forest management. When creating or redesigning a forest road network, one important question is how to shape the layout, this means to fix the spatial arrangement and the dimensioning standard of the roads. We consider two kinds of layout problems. First, new forest road network in an area without any such development yet, and second, redesign of existing road network for actual requirements. For each problem situation, we will present a method that allows to detect automatically the optimal road and harvesting layout. The method aims to identify a road network that concurrently minimizes the harvesting cost, the road network cost (construction and maintenance) and the hauling cost over the entire life cycle. Ecological issues can be considered as well. The method will be presented and discussed with the help of two case studies. The main benefit of the application of optimization tools consists in an objective-based planning, which allows to check and compare different scenarios and objectives within a short time. The responses coming from the case study regions were highly positive: practitioners suggest to make those methods a standard practice and to further develop the prototype to a user-friendly expert software.

XLI. Observations upon some Celtic Remains, lately discovered by the Public Road leading from London to Cambridge, near to the Village of Sawston, distant seven miles from the University, by Edward Daniel Clarke, LL.D. Professor of Mineralogy in the University of Cambridge. Communicated by the Rev. Thomas Kerrich, M.A. F.S.A.

Archaeologia ◽  
1817 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 340-343
Author(s):  
Edward Daniel Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
The Public ◽  
The North ◽  
Public Road ◽  
University Of Cambridge ◽  
The University ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Temple

It is not attaching too high a degree of importance to the study of Celtic antiquities, to maintain, that, owing to the attention now paid to it in this country, a light begins to break in upon that part of ancient history, which, beyond every other, seemed to present a forlorn investigation. All that relates to the aboriginal inhabitants of the north of Europe, would be involved in darkness but for the enquiries now instituted respecting Celtic sepulchres. From the information already received, concerning these sepulchres, it may be assumed, as a fact almost capable of actual demonstration, that the mounds, or barrows, common to all Great Britain, and to the neighbouring continent, together with all the tumuli fabled by Grecian and by Roman historians as the tombs of Giants, are so many several vestiges of that mighty family of Titan-Celts who gradually possessed all the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, and who extended their colonies over all the countries where Cyclopéan structures may be recognized; whether in the walls of Crotona, or the temple at Stonehénge; in the Cromlechs of Wales, or the trilithal monuments of Cimbrica Chersonesus; in Greece, or in Asia-Minor; in Syria, or in Egypt. It is with respect to Egypt alone, that an exception might perhaps be required; but history, while it deduces the origin of the worship of Minerva, at Sais, from the Phrygians, also relates of this people, that they were the oldest of mankind. The Cyclopéan architecture of Egypt may therefore be referred originally to the same source; but, as in making the following Observations brevity must be a principal object, it will be necessary to divest them of every thing that may seem like a Dissertation; and confine the statement, here offered, to the simple narrative of those facts, which have led to its introduction.

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