scholarly journals Breeding Systems in Diploid and Polyploid Hawthorns (Crataegus): Evidence from Experimental Pollinations of C. monogyna, C. subsphaerica, and Natural Hybrids

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1059
Author(s):  
Dominika Vašková ◽  
Vladislav Kolarčik
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Crossing Experiments ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Flow Cytometric ◽  
Self Compatibility ◽  
First Time

Background and Objectives: Polyploidisation and frequent hybridisation play an important role in speciation processes and evolutionary history and have a large impact on reproductive systems in the genus Crataegus. Reproductive modes in selected diploid and polyploid taxa in eastern Slovakia were investigated and analysed for the first time. Materials and Methods: Diploid, triploid, and tetraploid hawthorns were tested for self-pollination, self-compatibility, and self-fertilisation. Pollination experiments were performed within and between diploid and triploid species to determine the possibilities and directions of pollen transfer under natural conditions. Seeds from crossing experiments and open pollinations were analysed using the flow cytometric seed screen method. Results: These experiments demonstrated that sexual reproduction, cross-pollination, and self-incompatibility are typical of the diploid species Crataegus monogyna and C. kyrtostyla. Seeds produced by self-fertile tetraploid C. subsphaerica were derived from both meiotically reduced and unreduced megagametophytes. Conclusions: Experimental results concerning triploid C. subsphaerica and C. laevigata × C. subsphaerica are ambiguous but suggest that seeds are almost exclusively created through apomixis, although a few sexually generated seeds were observed. In the genus Crataegus, pseudogamy is a common feature of polyploid taxa, as in all cases pollination is essential for regular seed development. Research Highlights: We suggest that all studied Crataegus taxa produce reduced pollen irrespective of ploidy level. Moreover, we emphasise that triploids produce apparently aneuploid pollen grains as a result of irregular meiosis. They are also capable of utilising pollen from 2x, 3x, or 4x donors for pseudogamous formation of endosperm.

scholarly journals Self-incompatibility in plums (Prunus salicina Lindl., Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. and Prunus domestica L.). A minireview

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hegedűs ◽  
J. Halász
Keyword(s):  
Diploid Species ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Prunus Domestica ◽  
S Haplotype ◽  
Prunus Cerasifera ◽  
Prunus Salicina ◽  
S Alleles ◽  
Putative Origin ◽  
Self Compatibility ◽  
Available Information

Japanese plums (P salicina) and cherry plums (P cerasifera) are diploid species, while European plum (P. domestica) cultivars are hexaploids. Most diploid species are self-incompatible while fertility relations of the hexaploid European plums are variable between self-incompatibility and self-compatibility. About twenty S-alleles and six inter-incompatibility groups and one S-haplotype responsible for the self-fruitful phenotype were described in Japanese plum cultivars, but studies on cherry plums and even on the European plum cultivars are severely restricted. This review is focused on the available information obtained from myrobalans and European plums; and discusses recent hypotheses regarding the putative origin of the hexaploid plums, and thereby indicates the possibility of allele flow between different plum species.

scholarly journals Low variability of Orchis militaris L. in a local population in the Altay Territory, Russia: evidence from morphometrical and caryological analyses

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulianna G. Zaytseva ◽  
◽  
Alexandra Yu. Nabieva ◽  
Elena V. Zhmud ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Rare Species ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Flow Cytometric Data ◽  
Flow Cytometric ◽  
Its Regions ◽  
Long Time ◽  
First Time

Orchis militaris L. is a rare species at the territory of Russia and in many of its regions. This species has been studied for a long time, but the genome size of its representatives in natural conditions has not been studied yet. This assessment is of great importance for the development of measures for the rare species preservation in natural conditions and in the tissue culture. Chromosome counts were completed by flow cytometric data and morphological observations in order to study the species intrapopulation variability. Here, the flow cytometric data on genome size and DNA content of O. militaris from the Asian part of Russia are presented for the first time.

Breeding systems and relationships among species of Boykinia and related genera (Saxifragaceae)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Gornall ◽  
Baruce A. Bohm
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Intergeneric Hybrids ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
First Time ◽  
Made In

Self- and cross-pollinations were made within and between selected species belonging to Boykinia, Peltoboykinia, Bolandra, Suksdorfia, Sullivantia, and Jepsonia (Saxifragaceae). Self-incompatibility is reported for the first time in Boykinia. No intergeneric hybrids were produced, supporting the separate integrities of the genera involved, particularly the segregation of Peltoboykinia. Intrageneric hybrids were made in Boykinia and Peltoboykinia. In the case of Boykinia, this supports the retention within it of the often segregated Telesonix. Crosses between the two North American Suksdorfia species failed, but for various reasons, this was taken to reflect the existence of two "biological species" rather than two separate genera.

scholarly journals Evolutionary history of two pollen self-incompatibility factors reveals alternate routes to self-compatibility withinSolanum

2017 ◽  
Vol 104 (12) ◽  
pp. 1904-1919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragomira N. Markova ◽  
Jennifer J. Petersen ◽  
Sarah E. Yam ◽  
Adryanna Corral ◽  
Matthew J. Valle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
History Of ◽  
Self Compatibility ◽  
Alternate Routes

Permanent odd polyploidy in a grass (Andropogon ternatus)

Genome ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 340-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo A. Norrmann ◽  
Camilo L. Quarín
Keyword(s):  
Meiotic Division ◽  
Daughter Cell ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Sperm Nucleus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Egg Cell ◽  
Interspecific Crosses

Andropogon ternatus is a triploid species (2n = 3x = 30) with a striking process of microsporogenesis that leads to the formation of two kinds of pollen grains. One-half of the grains carry only one 10-chromosome genome and the other half carry two genomes. After the first meiotic division in the megaspore mother cell, the micropylar daughter cell always has two nuclei, each with 10 chromosomes (genomes S and T); the chalazal daugher cell has one 10-chromosome set (genome S) and undergoes the second meiotic division giving rise to two megaspores; the one closer to the chalaza is the functional megaspore, while the other degenerates. The two-nucleate micropylar daughter cell remains undivided and then degenerates. Thus, the embryo sac always develops from a megaspore with 10 chromosomes (genome S). The results of interspecific crosses with a taxonomically related diploid species (A. selloanus) as well as the study of pollen grain development suggest that the grains carrying nuclei with 20 chromosomes (genomes ST) are functional in the fertilization process, while those with 10-chromosome nuclei seem to be ineffective. Therefore, A. ternatus is a sexual triploid that accomplishes the stability of its odd polyploid level by transmitting one genome through the egg cell and two genomes through the sperm nucleus. This is the first report of permanent odd polyploidy for a species of the monocotyledons. Key words: Gramineae, Andropogon ternatus, odd polyploidy, female meiosis, breeding systems.

scholarly journals Molecular characteristics of S-RNase alleles as the determinant of self-incompatibility in the style of Fragaria viridis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianke Du ◽  
Chunfeng Ge ◽  
Tingting Li ◽  
Sanhong Wang ◽  
Zhihong Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diploid Species ◽  
The Self ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Intraspecific Hybridization ◽  
Noncoding Sequences ◽  
Family Analysis ◽  
The Family ◽  
Genotype Identification ◽  
Rnase T2

AbstractStrawberry (Fragaria spp.) is a member of the Rosoideae subfamily in the family Rosaceae. The self-incompatibility (SI) of some diploid species is a key agronomic trait that acts as a basic pollination barrier; however, the genetic mechanism underlying SI control in strawberry remains unclear. Two candidate S-RNases (Sa- and Sb-RNase) identified in the transcriptome of the styles of the self-incompatible Fragaria viridis 42 were confirmed to be SI determinants at the S locus following genotype identification and intraspecific hybridization using selfing progenies. Whole-genome collinearity and RNase T2 family analysis revealed that only an S locus exists in Fragaria; however, none of the compatible species contained S-RNase. Although the results of interspecific hybridization experiments showed that F. viridis (SI) styles could accept pollen from F. mandshurica (self-compatible), the reciprocal cross was incompatible. Sa and Sb-RNase contain large introns, and their noncoding sequences (promotors and introns) can be transcribed into long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Overall, the genus Fragaria exhibits S-RNase-based gametophytic SI, and S-RNase loss occurs at the S locus of compatible germplasms. In addition, a type of SI-independent unilateral incompatibility exists between compatible and incompatible Fragaria species. Furthermore, the large introns and neighboring lncRNAs in S-RNase in Fragaria could offer clues about S-RNase expression strategies.

scholarly journals A nonS-locus F-box gene breaks self-incompatibility in diploid potatoes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Ma ◽  
Chunzhi Zhang ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Fei Tang ◽  
Futing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potato Breeding ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Hybrid Breeding ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Diploid Hybrid ◽  
Food Crop ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
The Third ◽  
Self Compatibility ◽  
Global Food

AbstractPotato is the third most important staple food crop. To address challenges associated with global food security, a hybrid potato breeding system, aimed at converting potato from a tuber-propagated tetraploid crop into a seed-propagated diploid crop through crossing inbred lines, is under development. However, given that most diploid potatoes are self-incompatible, this represents a major obstacle which needs to be addressed in order to develop inbred lines. Here, we report on a self-compatible diploid potato, RH89-039-16 (RH), which can efficiently induce a mating transition from self-incompatibility to self-compatibility, when crossed to self-incompatible lines. We identify the S-locusinhibitor (Sli) gene in RH, capable of interacting with multiple allelic variants of the pistil-specific S-ribonucleases (S-RNases). Further, Sli gene functions like a general S-RNase inhibitor, to impart SC to RH and other self-incompatible potatoes. Discovery of Sli now offers a path forward for the diploid hybrid breeding program.

Atrial fibrillation is associated with high levels of monocyte-platelet-aggregates and increased CD11b expression in patients with aortic stenosis

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (05) ◽  
pp. 993-1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Berndt ◽  
Sandy Wydra ◽  
Daniel Tarnowski ◽  
Peggy Barthel ◽  
Silvio Quick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aortic Stenosis ◽  
Cd11b Expression ◽  
Flow Cytometric ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Enhanced Expression ◽  
Quantification Analysis ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Platelet Aggregates ◽  
First Time

SummaryA growing body of evidence suggests a pivotal role of inflammatory processes in AF in a bidirectional manner. Infiltrating leukocytes seem to promote both structural and electrical remodelling processes in patients with AF. Monocyte-platelets-aggregates (MPAs) are sensitive markers of both platelets and monocyte activation. So far it is not clear whether the content of MPAs is affected by AF. The present study examined the content of MPAs and the activation of monocytes in elderly patients with an aortic stenosis in dependence of AF. These patients are known to have a high prevalence of AF. Flow-cytometric quantification analysis demonstrated that patients with AF have an increased content of MPAs (207 ± 13 cells/μl vs 307 ± 21 cells/μl, p<0.001), and enhanced expression of CD11b on monocytes (p<0.001), compared to patients in stable sinus rhythm (SR). The number of CD14+/CD16+ monocytes were only slightly elevated in patients with AF. These findings were seen in patients with permanent AF. But also patients with paroxysmal AF, even when presenting in SR, the MPAs were increased by 50 % (p<0.05) as well as the CD11b expression, which was twice as high (p<0.05) compared to stable SR. These results demonstrate for the first time a dependency of MPAs and CD11b expression on monocytes in the presence of AF and support the notion of a close relationship between AF, thrombogenesis and inflammation. The content of MPAs and the extent of activation on monocytes appear promising as biomarkers for paroxysmal AF and as possible future targets for developing novel pharmacological therapeutic strategies.Supplementary Material to this article is available online at www.thrombosis-online.com.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Properties and Melissopalynology, Proximate and Elemental Analyses of Honey Samples from Three Different Ecozones in Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. ADEONIPEKUN ◽  
Tiwalade A. ADENIYI ◽  
David EDEN
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Antimicrobial Studies ◽  
Elemental Analyses ◽  
Lowland Rainforest ◽  
Sudan Savanna ◽  
First Time

Honey samples from three different ecozones - coastal freshwater (Ogba), lowland rainforest (Oka-Akoko) and montane Sudan savanna (Mambilla plateau) – were subjected to melissopalynological, proximate and elemental analyses, as well as antimicrobial studies. The aim of the research was to determine the contribution of pollen, if any, in the antimicrobial activities of the studied honey samples. Standard preparation methods were adopted for these studies. The Mambilla honey recorded the highest pollen diversity, while that of Oka-Akoko and Ogba regions had similar diversity, both having lower values. The Ogba honey however contained the highest abundance of pollen. Proximate analysis showed that the Mambilla honey also recorded the highest values of moisture, ash, protein, fats and oil, as well as potassium and reducing sugars. Antimicrobial investigation revealed the highest antimicrobial activities for the Mambilla honey, followed by Oka-Akoko and Ogba against Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram negative). Moisture content, proteins and carbohydrates were significantly different, with positive and negative trends respectively, when related with the antimicrobial activities of the honey samples. The pollen contents were also qualitatively different. This is the first time the antimicrobial activity of honey is ever traced to pollen contents.  More conclusions can be accurately made only after further research upon pollen grains directly.

The formation of the tryphine coating the pollen grains of Raphanus , and its properties relating to the self-incompatibility system

1973 ◽  
Vol 184 (1075) ◽  
pp. 149-165 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Granular Material ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Pollen Maturation ◽  
Incompatible Pollen ◽  
Incompatibility System ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Incompatible Pollen Tube

The tryphine that coats the pollen grains of Raphanus is tapetally synthesized and is composed of a fibro-granular and a lipidic component. The fibro-granular material is proteinaceous and is secreted by cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum. The lipidic component is derived, mainly, from degraded elaioplasts. The fibro-granular material is applied to the pollen exine first, followed by the lipidic mass. The tryphine condenses during the final stages of pollen maturation and dries down to form a thick, highly viscous coating. The major part of the condensation appears to result from dehydration. The tryphine, extracted from the pollen by a centrifugal method and mounted in a membrane, appears to be capable of penetrating the outer layers of a stigma of the same species and, if the pollen from which it was derived is incompatible with respect to the stigma, the stimulation of the production of the callosic reaction body in a manner similar to an incompatible pollen tube. It is proposed that, in Raphanus , substances responsible for the initiation of at least two stages in the self-incompatibility system are held in the tryphine.

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