scholarly journals The Effects of Trichoderma Fungi on the Tunneling, Aggregation, and Colony-Initiation Preferences of Black-Winged Subterranean Termites, Odontotermes formosanus (Blattodea: Termitidae)

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiong ◽  
Cai ◽  
Chen ◽  
Liang ◽  
Wen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Subterranean Termites ◽  
Trichoderma Koningii ◽  
Trichoderma Hamatum ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Trichoderma Fungi ◽  
Aggregation Behaviors ◽  
Odontotermes Formosanus

The black-winged subterranean termite, Odontotermes formosanus Shiraki, is a severe pest of plantations and forests in China. This termite cultures symbiotic Termitomyces in the fungal combs, which are challenged by antagonistic microbes such as Trichoderma fungi. In a previous study we showed that O. formosanus workers made significantly fewer tunnels in sand containing commercially formulated conidia of Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fries compared with untreated sand. Herein, we hypothesize that fungi in the genus Trichoderma exert repellent effects on O. formosanus. Different choice tests were conducted to evaluate the tunneling and aggregation behaviors of O. formosanus workers reacting to sand/soil containing the unformulated conidia of seven Trichoderma fungi (Trichoderma longibrachiatum Rifai, Trichoderma koningii Oud., Trichoderma harzianum Rifai, Trichoderma hamatum (Bon.) Bain, Trichoderma atroviride Karsten, Trichoderma spirale Indira and Kamala, and T. viride). We also investigated the colony-initiation preference of paired O. formosanus adults to soil treated with Trichoderma conidia (T. koningii or T. longibrachiatum) versus untreated soil. Tunneling-choice tests showed that sand containing conidia of nearly all Trichoderma fungi tested (except T. harzianum) significantly decreased tunneling activity in O. formosanus workers compared with untreated sand. Aggregation-choice test showed that T. koningii, T. atroviride and T. spirale repelled O. formosanus workers, whereas T. longibrachiatum and T. hamatum attracted termites. There was no significant difference in proportions of paired adults that stayed and laid eggs in the soil blocks treated with conidia of Trichoderma fungi and untreated ones. Our study showed that Trichoderma fungi generally repelled tunneling in O. formosanus, but may exert varied effects on aggregation preference by workers.

scholarly journals Effect of two neem-derived pesticides on Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) under laboratory conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
Pratik Doshi ◽  
Ferenc Tóth ◽  
György Turóczi
Keyword(s):  
Colorado Potato Beetle ◽  
Leptinotarsa Decemlineata ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Potato Beetle ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Leptinotarsa Decemlineata Say ◽  
Neem Leaf Extract

Mortality and antifeedant activity of two different neem-derived pesticides were investigated on larvae of Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say). In no-choice tests, mortality of larvae increased with increase in time period, meanwhile the feeding damage decreased with the increase of neem leaf extract concentration in contrast to NeemAzal T/S (1% azadirachtin) in which neither there was any significant difference in mortality nor on feeding damage. In the choice test, none of the treatments were lethal to the larvae tested. The larvae fed on the leaves irrespective of the treatment.

scholarly journals How to assess information and communication technology knowledge and skills of the students

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-64
Author(s):  
Turgay Alakurt ◽  
Tugba Ozturk ◽  
Tugra Karademir ◽  
Ayfer Alper
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Achievement Scores ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Multiple Choice Tests ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Information And Communication

Abstract   Assessment of ICT knowledge and skills is as important as gaining these knowledge and skills. There are two commonly used assessment types as (multiple-choice) Test Based Assessment (TBA) and Practice Based Assessment (PBA) and the question that which one is better still remains controversial. In this research, the focus of the study was examining these factors in relationship with the academic achievement of the students. More specifically, impact of assessing the students with TBA and PBA types on the students' academic achievement scores based on the aforementioned factors was examined. For this purpose, two study groups consisting of 243 students who were assessed with TBA and PBA in a course titled as Computing I were included in the present research. The results showed that there is a significant difference in academic achievement scores of the students and that the students who took TBA are more successful. According to the results, students are more comfortable and more confident with TBA whereas students taking PBA believe that PBA is better to measure ICT knowledge and skills. Therefore, it could be concluded that these two different assessment types are complementary once students’ positive opinions, expectations and feelings are pedagogically secured. Keywords: Assessment, ICT, practice-based assessment, multiple choice tests.

scholarly journals The Production of Bioethanol from Rimau Gerga Lebong (Rgl) Orange Waste as an Alternative Energy

2018 ◽  
Vol 248 ◽  
pp. 04004
Author(s):  
Vike Darliyasi ◽  
Kurnia Herlina Dewi ◽  
Budiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Ethanol Content ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Orange Waste

Bioethanol from Rimau Gerga Lebong (RGL) orange waste is one of the solution to overcome fuel oil problem. The aim of this research is to get the type of microorganisms and fermentation time that produce the highest ethanol from RGL orange waste. The research method used was Randomized Block Design (RBD) of two factors, namely type of microorganisms (Trichoderma viride, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Trichoderma viride + Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and fermentation time (3 days, 5 days, and 7 days. Within the three type of microorganisms with variations of fermentation time showed that the pH was able to carry out the fermentation process smoothly. The highest total dissolved solids were in the type of Trichoderma viride 3 days and 5 days, and the type of mix of microorganisms on the 3rd day. The highest ethanol content is in the type of Sachharomyces cerevisiae for 7 days. ANOVA result showed that the interaction between two treatments on the total dissolved solids experienced significant differences, so it continue with the DMRT test at a significant level of 0.5%. However, it is different from the results of ANOVA on ethanol content which showed that there were significant differences between ethanol content and types of microorganisms, but there was no significant difference on fermentation time

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF SCIENCE LEARNING MODEL, ENVIRONMENT, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY ASSISTED BY ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA ON SCIENCE KNOWLEDGE COMPETENCE OF GRADE V ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS OF SRIKANDI CLUSTER EAST DENPASAR IN ACADEMIC YEAR 2017/2018

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Putu Suwi Arista dewi ◽  
I N Jampel ◽  
I N L Jayanta
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Science Learning ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Class V ◽  
Environmental Media ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Model Environment

This study aims to determine the effect of Science Learning Model, Environment, Technology, Society assisted Environmental media on Science Competence of grade V students. The type of this research was quasi experiment with non-equivalent group design. The population in this study was the entire class V in the Srikandi cluster East Denpasar amounted to 362 students. The sample of this research was class V of SDN 5 Sumerta were 28 students as experimental group and class V of SDN 10 Sumerta were 28 students as control group. Data collected with multiple choice test instruments, then was analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistical analysis (t-test). Based on the data analysis, tcount = 2.500 and ttabel (5% significance level) = 2,000. This means that tcount = 2,500> ttabel = 2,000. There was a significant difference of science competence between groups of students who was taught by science learning model, Environment, Technology, Society assisted Environmental media and group of students which is learn through conventional learning. The average value of science competence of the experimental group ( ) is 79.00 while the mean score of control group students ( ) is 74.07. This means =79,00 > =74,07, so it can be concluded that the application of learning model of Science, Environment, Technology, Society assisted Environmental media influenced the competence of science. Based on the results of this study it is suggested that the results of this study can be used as a relevant study, especially as supporting the next research.

scholarly journals Predator-induced changes of male and female mating preferences: innate and learned components

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Plath ◽  
Kai Liu ◽  
Diane Umutoni ◽  
Guilherme Gomes-Silva ◽  
Jie-Fei Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mate Choice ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Mating Preferences ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Experiential Effects ◽  
Female Mating Preferences ◽  
Induced Changes

Abstract While many mating preferences have a genetic basis, the question remains as to whether and how learning/experience can modify individual mate choice decisions. We used wild-caught (predator-experienced) and F1 laboratory-reared (predator-naïve) invasive Western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis from China to test whether mating preferences (assessed in a first mate choice test) would change under immediate predation threat. The same individuals were tested in a second mate choice test during which 1 of 3 types of animated predators was presented: 1) a co-occurring predator, 2) a co-evolved but not currently co-occurring predator, and 3) a non-piscivorous species as control. We compared preference scores derived from both mate choice tests to separate innate from experiential effects of predation. We also asked whether predator-induced changes in mating preferences would differ between sexes or depend on the choosing individual’s personality type and/or body size. Wild-caught fish altered their mate choice decisions most when exposed to the co-occurring predator whereas laboratory-reared individuals responded most to the co-evolved predator, suggesting that both innate mechanisms and learning effects are involved. This behavior likely reduces individuals’ risk of falling victim to predation by temporarily moving away from high-quality (i.e., conspicuous) mating partners. Accordingly, effects were stronger in bolder than shyer, large- compared with small-bodied, and female compared with male focal individuals, likely because those phenotypes face an increased predation risk overall. Our study adds to the growing body of literature appreciating the complexity of the mate choice process, where an array of intrinsic and extrinsic factors interacts during decision-making.

scholarly journals Beyond right or wrong: More effective feedback for formative multiple-choice tests

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 307-313
Author(s):  
Anna Ryan ◽  
Terry Judd ◽  
David Swanson ◽  
Douglas P. Larsen ◽  
Simone Elliott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retention Test ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Far Transfer ◽  
Near Transfer ◽  
Multiple Choice Tests ◽  
Test Occasion ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Test Enhanced Learning ◽  
Enhanced Learning

Abstract Introduction The role of feedback in test-enhanced learning is an understudied area that has the potential to improve student learning. This study investigates the influence of different forms of post-test feedback on retention and transfer of biomedical knowledge within a test-enhanced learning framework. Methods 64 participants from a Canadian and an Australian medical school sat two single-best-answer formative multiple choice tests one week apart. We compared the effects of conceptually focused, response-oriented, and simple right/wrong feedback on a learner’s ability to correctly answer new (transfer) questions. On the first test occasion, participants received parent items with feedback, and then attempted items closely related (near transfer) to and more distant (far transfer) from parent items. In a repeat test at 1 week, participants were given different near and far transfer versions of parent items. Feedback type, and near and far transfer items were randomized within and across participants. Results Analysis demonstrated that response-oriented and conceptually focused feedback were superior to traditional right/wrong feedback for both types of transfer tasks and in both immediate and final retention test performance. However, there was no statistically significant difference between response-orientated and conceptually focused groups on near or far transfer problems, nor any differences in performance between our initial test occasion and the retention test 1 week later. As with most studies of transfer, participants’ far transfer scores were lower than for near transfer. Discussion Right/wrong feedback appears to have limited potential to augment test-enhanced learning. Our work suggests that item-level feedback and feedback that identifies and elaborates on key conceptual knowledge are two important areas for future research on learning, retention and transfer.

scholarly journals Labelling Facial Affect in Context in Adults with and without TBI

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyn S. Turkstra ◽  
Sarah G. Kraning ◽  
Sarah K. Riedeman ◽  
Bilge Mutlu ◽  
Melissa Duff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Facial Affect ◽  
Affect Recognition ◽  
Cognitive State ◽  
Basic Emotion ◽  
Social Emotions ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Emotion Words ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Choice Tests

Recognition of facial affect has been studied extensively in adults with and without traumatic brain injury (TBI), mostly by asking examinees to match basic emotion words to isolated faces. This method may not capture affect labelling in everyday life when faces are in context and choices are open-ended. To examine effects of context and response format, we asked 148 undergraduate students to label emotions shown on faces either in isolation or in natural visual scenes. Responses were categorised as representing basic emotions, social emotions, cognitive state terms, or appraisals. We used students’ responses to create a scoring system that was applied prospectively to five men with TBI. In both groups, over 50% of responses were neither basic emotion words nor synonyms, and there was no significant difference in response types between faces alone vs. in scenes. Adults with TBI used labels not seen in students’ responses, talked more overall, and often gave multiple labels for one photo. Results suggest benefits of moving beyond forced-choice tests of faces in isolation to fully characterise affect recognition in adults with and without TBI.

The Use of Pelage Pigmentation in the Recognition of Mothers By Domestic Goat Kids (Capra Hircus)

Behaviour ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 123 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 121-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos R. Ruiz-Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Capra Hircus ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Domestic Goat ◽  
Auditory Cues ◽  
Efficiency Measures ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Colour Category ◽  
Analysis Of Error

AbstractAlthough it is known that the young play an active role in the formation of mother-young attachment in ruminants, there is scant knowledge of how neonates identify their mothers. This research investigated the use of visual cues, particularly pelage pigmentation, in maternal recognition by domestic goat kids. Observations on the use of auditory cues were carried out secondarily. The findings of this study were: (1) The analysis of error patterns revealed that goat kids performed phenotype matching on the basis of pelage pigmentation when seeking their mothers in two- and six-choice tests, at a distance of 10 m. Presenting the kids with a choice between two females of the same colour resulted in more vacillation, and fewer kids were able to go to their mother directly than when the adults were of different colours. The phenomenon was not evident when the kids were 3 days old. Because it occurred at all other ages, regardless of whether the mother was absent, covered, or fully visible, colour-matching seems to be an important aspect of maternal recognition. (2) Visual cues were important for recognition, as evidenced by the performance of kids when maternal cues were limited (i.e. the mother was covered). (3) The efficiency measures did not correlate strongly with maternal vocalizations when visual cues from the mother were not completely present or when pelage pigmentation was not a good cue for discrimination. On the contrary, kids unexpectedly vocalized more in the conditions in which they could discriminate on the basis of visual cues, that is, when the mother was bare rather than covered, and when she was paired with a doe of a different colour category rather than one of the same colour category. (4) Five-day-old domestic goat kids recognized their mothers efficiently, even within a group, and at a distance of at least 10 m. Most 3-day-kids were not able to find their mothers efficiently in the six-choice test. Errors were made at all ages. The observed performance is consistent with the abilities required of kids under natural conditions.

scholarly journals Oviposition preference and larval performance of sugarcane borer in eight sugarcane genotypes

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Vieira Pimentel ◽  
Adriano Cirino Tomaz ◽  
Bruno Portela Brasileiro ◽  
Luiz Alexandre Peternelli ◽  
Márcio Henrique Pereira Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Free Choice ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Oviposition Preference ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Larval Performance ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Sugarcane Borer ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Late Stages

ABSTRACT The sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis Fabr. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is one of the most important pests of sugarcane in the Americas. The purpose of this study was to assess multiple resistance traits in eight sugarcane genotypes against D. saccharalis, including five commercial cultivars and three exotic germplasm with potential to serve as resistance sources against this pest. The oviposition preference was assessed by using both free-choice and non-choice tests. The performance of both early stage larvae feeding on the leaves and late stages larvae feeding within the stalks were also assessed. There were differences among genotypes for number of both eggs and egg cluster in the free-choice test while no differences in non-choice test were observed. There were also differences in survival of early stage larvae feeding on the leaves, foliar injury rating and stalk damage. The genotype IM76-228 was the least preferred for oviposition and it seems that leaf width had some influence on adults’ preference rather than greening of the leaves. IM76-228 and RB867515 causes higher mortality of early stage larvae feeding in the stalks while IM76-228 and RB985523 had lower damage in both leaves and stalks. The genotype IM76-228 was the most resistant to D. saccharalis and could serve as genes sources for resistance in sugarcane breeding programs.

Prose Learning: Effects of Pretesting and Reduction of Passage Length

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Newsom ◽  
A. J. H. Gaite
Keyword(s):  
Science Fiction ◽  
Learning Theory ◽  
Cognitive Learning ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Learning Effects ◽  
Multiple Choice Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Prose Learning ◽  
New Material ◽  
Better Than

The study was designed to investigate the learning and retention of prose materials. Immediate and 1-wk retention was examined in Ss who had either read a 2,300-word passage (LP) on science fiction or a 300-word short passage (SP). The short passage was derived from the information retained over a 1-wk period by Ss who read and learned the long passage. Retention was assessed by a 30-item multiple-choice test based upon information in the long passage. One-way analysis of variance of posttest scores from 200 adults indicated that for 1-wk retention the short passage was retained significantly ( p < .01) better than the long one. There was no significant difference on immediate retention. The results were discussed in terms of current cognitive learning theory, prose-learning paradigms, and classroom procedures related to the presentation of new material.

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