scholarly journals Space, Habitat and Isolation are the Key Determinants of Tree Colonization by the Carpenter Ant in Plantation Forests

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Véle ◽  
Jakub Horák
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Forest Plantations ◽  
Ant Nests ◽  
Real Nature ◽  
Carpenter Ants ◽  
Carpenter Ant ◽  
Coniferous Plantation

Forest plantations are still often considered the antithesis of real nature. However, plantations can host many organisms. The problem is that some of the hosted species are regarded ad hoc as pests. The main aim of our paper was to study the carpenter ant (Camponotus ligniperdus) in windstorm habitats. We studied forests in East Bohemia, Czech Republic, and focused on the spatial distribution of snapped trees and the influence of selected forest characteristics on the incidence of ant nests. We found that the nests in the study area mainly occurred in Norway spruce, which is the most commercially important tree in the majority of Central Europe. More than one quarter of the snapped trees were inhabited by the ants. We found that nests exhibited a spatially autocorrelated pattern that differed on spatial scales. The most important characteristic of the host tree for determining carpenter ant nests was the presence of brown rot, and the majority of tree nests were isolated from forest openings. The presence of carpenter ants in forest plantations is, therefore, not harmful. Their presence could be used by forest managers as an indication of unsuitable stand conditions for the successful growth of the Norway spruce and other coniferous plantation trees.

scholarly journals Reading the bed morphology of a mountain stream: a geomorphometric study on high-resolution topographic data

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Trevisani ◽  
M. Cavalli ◽  
L. Marchi
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Mountain Stream ◽  
Topographic Data ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
High Level ◽  
Local Anomalies

Abstract. High-resolution topographic data expand the potential of quantitative analysis of the earth surface, improving the interpretation of geomorphic processes. In particular, the morphologies of the channel beds of mountain streams, which are characterised by strong spatial variability, can be analysed much more effectively with this type of data. In this study, we analysed the aerial LiDAR topographic data of a headwater stream, the Rio Cordon (watershed area: 5 km2), located in the Dolomites (north-eastern Italy). The morphology of the channel bed of Rio Cordon is characterised by alternating step pools, cascades, and rapids with steps. We analysed the streambed morphology by means of ad hoc developed morphometric indices, capable of highlighting morphological features at a high level of spatial resolution. To perform the analysis and the data interpolation, we carried out a channel-oriented coordinate transformation. In the new coordinate system, the calculation of morphometric indices in directions along and transverse to the flow direction is straightforward. Three geomorphometric indices were developed and applied as follows: a slope index computed on the whole width of the channel bed, directional variograms computed along the flow direction and perpendicular to it, and local anomalies, calculated as the difference between directional variograms at different spatial scales. Directional variograms in the flow direction and local anomalies have proven to be effective at recognising morphologic units, such as steps, pools and clusters of large boulders. At the spatial scale of channel reaches, these indices have demonstrated a satisfactory capability to outline patterns associated with boulder cascades and rapids with steps, whereas they did not clearly differentiate between morphologies with less marked morphological differences, such as step pools and cascades.

Challenges and opportunities in mimicking non-enzymatic brown-rot decay mechanisms for pretreatment of Norway spruce

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olav Aaseth Hegnar ◽  
Barry Goodell ◽  
Claus Felby ◽  
Lars Johansson ◽  
Nicole Labbé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Brown Rot Decay

scholarly journals Effect of Debarking Water from Norway Spruce (Picea abies) on the Growth of Five Species ofWood-Decaying Fungi

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 418-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelie Fagerlund Edfeldt ◽  
Erik Hedenström ◽  
Mattias Edman ◽  
Bengt Gunnar Jonsson
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Freeze Dried

Abstract Norway spruce (Picea abies) debarking water is an aqueous extract obtained as waste from the debarking of logs at paper mills. The debarking water contains a mixture of natural compounds that can exhibit diverse biological activities, potentially including fungicidal activity on some species of wood-decaying fungi. Thus, we investigated the growth rates of such fungi on agar plates to which debarking water extracts had been added. The experiment included five wood-decaying fungi, viz. Gloeophyllum sepiarium, Oligoporus lateritius, Ischnoderma benzoinum, Junghuhnia luteoalba, and Phlebia sp. Growth reduction was observed for all species at the highest tested concentrations of freeze-dried and ethanol-extracted debarking water, the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction and the diethyl ether-soluble fraction. However, the magnitude of the effect varied between different species and strains of individual species. The brown-rot fungi G. sepiarium and O. lateritius were generally the most sensitive species, with the growth of all tested strains being completely inhibited by the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction. These results indicate that development of antifungal wood-protecting agents from debarking water could potentially be a way to make use of a low-value industrial waste.

scholarly journals Reading the bed morphology of a mountain stream: a geomorphometric study on high-resolution topographic data

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 7287-7319 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Trevisani ◽  
M. Cavalli ◽  
L. Marchi
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Mountain Stream ◽  
Topographic Data ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
High Level ◽  
Local Anomalies

Abstract. High-resolution topographic data expand the potential of quantitative analysis of the earth surface, improving the interpretation of geomorphic processes. In particular, the morphologies of the channel beds of mountain streams, which are characterised by strong spatial variability, can be analysed much more effectively with this type of data. In the present study, we analysed the aerial LiDAR topographic data of a headwater stream, the Rio Cordon (watershed area: 5 km2), located in the Dolomites (north-eastern Italy). The morphology of the channel bed of Rio Cordon is characterised by alternating step pools, cascades, and rapids with steps. We analysed the streambed morphology by means of ad hoc developed morphometric indices, capable of highlighting morphological features at a high level of spatial resolution. To perform the analysis and the data interpolation, we carried out a channel-oriented coordinate transformation. In the new coordinate system, the calculation of morphometric indices in directions along and transverse to the flow direction is straightforward. Three geomorphometric indices were developed and applied as follows: a slope index computed along the whole width of the channel bed, directional variograms computed along the flow direction and perpendicular to it, and local anomalies, calculated as the difference between directional variograms at different spatial scales. Directional variograms in the flow direction and local anomalies have proven to be effective at recognising morphologic units, such as steps, pools and clusters of large boulders. At the spatial scale of channel reaches, these indices have demonstrated a satisfactory capability to outline patterns associated with boulder cascades and rapids with steps, whereas they did not clearly differentiate between morphologies with less marked morphological differences, such as step pools and cascades.

scholarly journals Magnetic turbulent spectra in the magnetosheath: new insights

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 2283-2288 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Sahraoui ◽  
G. Belmont ◽  
J. L. Pinçon ◽  
L. Rezeau ◽  
A. Balogh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Magnetic Fluctuations ◽  
Pass Filter ◽  
Real Nature ◽  
Mirror Mode ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Turbulent Spectra

Abstract. The spectrum of the magnetic fluctuations measured by the Cluster satellites in the inner magnetosheath is investigated using the k-filtering technique. On a case study, it is shown first that the wave vectors calculated from the Flux Gate Magnetometer (FGM) data fit well with those determined from the Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Field Fluctuations (STAFF) data for their common range of frequency, which allows one to confirm that the high pass filter applied to STAFF data does not alter the spatial characteristics of its spectra. Both analyses confirm the dominance of the mirror mode for frequencies up to 1.4Hz. Furthermore, by comparing the experimental charateristics of the identified mirror mode to the prediction of the linear theory, it is shown that the predicted maximum growth rate is observed in the frequency range 0-0.15Hz, i.e. the FGM range. All the rest of the mirror mode, identified for higher frequencies is more likely to be a non linear extension of the most instable one. This cascade on the spatial scales is, in turn, observed in the satellite frame as a temporal spread due to Doppler shift. Further implications on the real nature of the observed spectrum are discussed.

The Biology of Carpenter Ants in New Brunswick

1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 894-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Carpenter Ants ◽  
Carpenter Ant ◽  
Eastern White Cedar ◽  
Cycle Covers ◽  
Frequency Curves

AbstractThirty-five colonies of three species of carpenter ant were examined: 25 of Camponotus herculeanus, 9 of C. noveboracensis, and 1 of C. pennsylvanicus. Workings were examined in about 150 trees. No major differences were noticed in the biology of the first two species.All individuals were taken from two overwintering, torpid, C. herculeanus colonies; the larger contained 6,000 workers, 550 winged forms, and 6,500 larvae. Larvae were of two sizes and it is thought that the life cycle covers two years in New Brunswick. Frequency curves of worker head widths show that there are majors and minors, the minors being more numerous, especially in small colonies.Each colony typically occupied several trees, only one of which contained the brood; the others had less extensive workings. Entrances were underground and led to tunnels connecting the trees within each colony. Surplus wood chips were buried in the ground. Ant activity in the tunnels was continuous through the day and night; few ants were seen on the forest floor.Woodpeckers are important enemies and had attacked one third of the brood trees.The workings frequently assist wind breakage and damage butt logs. From the roots they extend to a height of 4-6 ft., occasionally higher. 1% of the spruce, and 2-4% of the balsam fir examined had been attacked. This may lead to loss of 10% of merchantable volume, and possibly a higher figure for eastern white cedar.

scholarly journals Quantifying river fragmentation from local to continental scales: data management and modelling toolbox

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh Jones ◽  
Carlos Garcia de Leaniz ◽  
Barbara Belletti ◽  
Luca Börger ◽  
Simone Bizzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Barrier Height ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Binary Classification ◽  
Sampling Bias ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Conservation Priority ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
River Fragmentation

Restoring river connectivity is a global conservation priority but quantifying river fragmentation has proved difficult due to the paucity of good barrier records, duplicate entries, and other sources of biases. Here we present some tools to help overcome some of these challenges and illustrate their application with case studies drawn across different spatial scales. We begin by proposing a classification of artificial instream barriers that harmonises disparate barrier types into six functional types, and present a binary classification key for ease of use. We then introduce a method for excluding duplicate barrier records that retains most genuine barriers and illustrate its practical use. Sampling bias is a pervasive problem in barrier inventories and we show how to detect and correct for it via bootstrapping of data obtained from standardised field surveys, ad-hoc records provided by citizens, and modelling. Finally, we show how to assess fragmentation when barriers cannot be aligned with the river network, and how to estimate barrier impacts from barrier height and when information on barrier passability or permeability is not known. Collectively, our toolbox will help generate more realistic estimates of river fragmentation and help inform more efficient restoration of river connectivity.

scholarly journals Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Extractives in Norway Spruce and Kurile Larch and Their Role in Brown-Rot Degradation

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Füchtner ◽  
Theis Brock-Nannestad ◽  
Annika Smeds ◽  
Maria Fredriksson ◽  
Annica Pilgård ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Brown Rot
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