The Biology of Carpenter Ants in New Brunswick

1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 894-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Carpenter Ants ◽  
Carpenter Ant ◽  
Eastern White Cedar ◽  
Cycle Covers ◽  
Frequency Curves

AbstractThirty-five colonies of three species of carpenter ant were examined: 25 of Camponotus herculeanus, 9 of C. noveboracensis, and 1 of C. pennsylvanicus. Workings were examined in about 150 trees. No major differences were noticed in the biology of the first two species.All individuals were taken from two overwintering, torpid, C. herculeanus colonies; the larger contained 6,000 workers, 550 winged forms, and 6,500 larvae. Larvae were of two sizes and it is thought that the life cycle covers two years in New Brunswick. Frequency curves of worker head widths show that there are majors and minors, the minors being more numerous, especially in small colonies.Each colony typically occupied several trees, only one of which contained the brood; the others had less extensive workings. Entrances were underground and led to tunnels connecting the trees within each colony. Surplus wood chips were buried in the ground. Ant activity in the tunnels was continuous through the day and night; few ants were seen on the forest floor.Woodpeckers are important enemies and had attacked one third of the brood trees.The workings frequently assist wind breakage and damage butt logs. From the roots they extend to a height of 4-6 ft., occasionally higher. 1% of the spruce, and 2-4% of the balsam fir examined had been attacked. This may lead to loss of 10% of merchantable volume, and possibly a higher figure for eastern white cedar.

The influence of hardwood content on balsam fir defoliation by spruce budworm

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 1620-1628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiong Su ◽  
Ted D. Needham ◽  
David A. MacLean
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Generalized Model ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
Working Hypothesis ◽  
Model Combining

Changing stand composition by increasing hardwood content has been suggested as a long-term method for reducing susceptibility and vulnerability of balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) to spruce budworm (Choristoneurafumiferana (Clem.)). Twenty-five mixed balsam fir–hardwood stands were selected in northern New Brunswick, with five stands in each 20% hardwood class (0–20, 21–40%, etc.). Defoliation each year from 1989 to 1993 was significantly (p < 0.0001) related to hardwood content, with r2 ranging from 0.57 to 0.81. As hardwood content increased, defoliation of balsam fir decreased. From 1989 to 1992, the years of moderate to severe defoliation, balsam fir stands with <40% hardwoods sustained 58–71% defoliation, on average, versus 12–15% defoliation in stands with >80% hardwood. A generalized model combining hardwood content and the estimated defoliation in pure softwood stands in a given year explained 77% of the variation in defoliation over stands and years. This study indicated that mixed balsam fir–hardwood stand management, with hardwood content >40%, could substantially reduce losses during spruce budworm outbreaks. Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanism involved, but our working hypothesis is that greater hardwood content increased the diversity or populations of natural enemies such as birds and parasitoids.

Développement de Odontia bicolor chez le sapin baumier infecté artificiellement

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-334
Author(s):  
Denis Lachance
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Humus Layer ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Moisture Conditions

In a balsam fir stand, two different humus moisture conditions were artificially produced and maintained for 2 years by covering the forest floor with polythene sheets on two out of four plots. In the two covered sample plots the water saturation of the humus layer was 30% lower and the moisture contents of root-wood was 35% lower than those of uncovered plots. Roots in covered plots, inoculated with Odontiabicolor, showed 51.4% infection as compared to 57.7% for those growing in control plots. Similarly, trunk inoculations yielded infection levels of 35.8% and 44.5%, respectively. Statistical tests show no significant difference in infection percentages between wetter and drier conditions for roots and trunks, and a significantly greater susceptibility to infection of the roots by O. bicolor as compared to the trunks. Growth rates of the fungus toward the trunk (in the roots) or up the trunks of 4.4–5.8 cm per year was 25–44% greater than growth in the opposite direction. Root and trunk sizes had no definite influence on infection percentages and growth rate, but the latter was always faster in trunk wood than in root wood.

The biology of Gammarus (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in the northwestern Atlantic. X. Gammarus finmarchicus Dahl

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 1110-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Steele ◽  
V. J. Steele
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Long Island ◽  
Long Island Sound ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
Late Autumn ◽  
Early Autumn ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Island Sound

Gammarus finmarchicus is an amphi-Atlantic species. In the western Atlantic it is found from the island of St. Pierre south to Long Island Sound. At St. Andrews, New Brunswick, 50% maturity occurs at 10.5 mm in the females. Reproduction is in progress throughout the year, but small females evidently are in a resting condition during September–October before breeding. The release of young by the population is greater in the spring, summer, and early autumn than it is in late autumn and winter. The young released in the spring and summer do not reproduce until the next year so that the life cycle is annual.

Simulation of environmental impact scores within the life cycle of mixed wood chips from alternative short rotation coppice systems in Flanders (Belgium)

2015 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 449-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedetto Rugani ◽  
Katarzyna Golkowska ◽  
Ian Vázquez-Rowe ◽  
Daniel Koster ◽  
Enrico Benetto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Short Rotation Coppice ◽  
Short Rotation

On the life cycle of Hymenolepis evaginata Barker and Andrews, 1915 (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea), a parasite of muskrats, Ondatra zibethica (L., 1766)

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 502-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Greaves ◽  
L. Jarecka ◽  
M. D. B. Burt
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Aquatic Birds ◽  
Terrestrial Invertebrates ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Full Development

Between October 2, 1985, and November 16, 1986, 129 muskrats, Ondatra zibethica were collected in New Brunswick and examined for parasites. Forty-one of the muskrats harboured the the cestode Hymenolepis evaginata in the small intestine, with infections ranging from 1-10 worms per host. To determine the intermediate host of H. evaginata, a number of aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates were exposed to oncospheres in the laboratory. Full development of a tailed cysticercoid only occurred in the ostracod Cyclocypris laevis. The cysticercoid undergoes typical protocepyhalic development in this micro-crustacean. This characteristic, regarded as primitive, occurs in hymenolepidids found in aquatic birds. It appears that although this cestode is commonly found in mammals, it is more closely related to aquatic avian hymenolepidids than to those found in terrestrial mammals.

Influence of plant-hardiness zone, shoot length, and crown class on the incidence of gouting by the balsam woolly adelgid on balsam fir

2010 ◽  
Vol 142 (5) ◽  
pp. 466-472
Author(s):  
Bertrand Guillet ◽  
Andrew Morrison ◽  
Drew Carleton ◽  
Don Ostaff ◽  
Dan Quiring
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Parabolic Relationship ◽  
Balsam Woolly Adelgid ◽  
Shoot Size ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Plant Hardiness

AbstractWe collected midcrown branches of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. (Pinaceae), at six different sites located in five different plant-hardiness zones, along a north–south transect in New Brunswick, Canada, to evaluate the effect of plant-hardiness zone, crown class (overstory versus understory), and shoot length during the previous 10 years on the annual incidence of gouting by the balsam woolly adelgid, Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg) (Homoptera: Adelgidae). Site, crown class, and their interaction, along with the square of shoot length, explained 78% of the variation in gouting. Variations in gouting attributed to plant-hardiness zone were probably primarily due to variation in mean January temperature: at each site, the mean January temperature was positively and closely related to the mean level of gouting. The level of gouting was consistently higher on trees in the understory than on those in the overstory. Shoot length was parabolically related to the proportion of shoots with gout. The parabolic relationship between shoot size and the level of gouting is similar to that previously reported for galling adelgids, and suggests that gouting by A. piceae may be greatest on trees with an intermediate growth rate.

A study of fungal endophytes of needles of balsam fir (Abies balsamea) and red spruce (Picea rubens) in New Brunswick, Canada, using culture and electron microscope techniques

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (12) ◽  
pp. 3513-3516 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Johnson ◽  
Norman J. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Picea Rubens ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Spruce Needles ◽  
Petiole Segment

Endophytic fungi were isolated from the interiors of surface-sterilized needles of balsam fir (Abies balsamea) and red spruce (Picea rubens) in New Brunswick, Canada. Four different fungi were isolated frequently. One species, designated X-W, was isolated exlusively from the petiole segment of red spruce needles. There was no difference in the variety of species isolated from fir needles from two sites, but a difference in frequency of species did exist. Micrographs of the interior of balsam fir needles showed hyphae occupying intercellular spaces and adhering to the outer walls of parenchyma cells. No penetration of cells by either fungus was observed.

Life cycle assessment of wood chips supply chain in Serbia

2020 ◽  
Vol 155 ◽  
pp. 1302-1311
Author(s):  
M. Perić ◽  
D. Antonijević ◽  
M. Komatina ◽  
B. Bugarski ◽  
M. Rakin
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Wood Chips

Tree biomass equations for Abiesbalsamea and Piceaglauca in northwestern New Brunswick

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Ker ◽  
G. D. Van Raalte
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Crown Volume ◽  
Total Tree

Equations are given, based on data from 298 balsam fir and 88 white spruce trees in northwestern New Brunswick, for predicting ovendry weight of biomass for balsam fir and white spruce trees. Separate equations are given for each of nine components: stem wood, stem bark, total stem, branches, foliage, total crown, total aboveground weight, roots, and total tree. Independent variables used in the equations include diameter at breast height (dbh), height, crown width, crown length, and indices of basal area, crown area, and crown volume.

Windthrow and growth response following a spruce budworm inspired, variable retention harvest in New Brunswick, Canada

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 659-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward A. Wilson ◽  
David A. MacLean
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Natural Disturbance ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Growth Release ◽  
Variable Retention ◽  
Variable Retention Harvest

Forest management regimes increasingly focus on the emulation of natural disturbance events, e.g., fire or insect outbreaks, to help increase ecosystem sustainability. We determined the residual stand response to a variable retention harvest inspired by spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)) outbreaks in New Brunswick, Canada. Our objectives were to analyze the differences between surviving residual trees and those that succumbed to windthrow and to quantify growth release. The treatment was based on harvesting the estimated spruce budworm outbreak mortality, i.e., 90% of mature balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., 60% of mature spruce (Picea spp.), and no hardwoods. Windthrow increased with the proportion of trees harvested and averaged 52% over 7–9 years in these stands with high balsam fir – spruce content. One-third of 42 harvested plots sustained >30% windthrow, whereas 73% of 11 similar unharvested plots had <10% windthrow. Balsam fir had higher windthrow than spruce at 53% and 41%, respectively. Windthrown balsam fir trees had significantly larger diameters at breast height (DBH, 1.3 m), larger heights, and smaller crown ratios than surviving residual trees. Substantial growth release occurred, with DBH increment of residual trees 48%–64% greater than trees in unharvested plots. Balsam fir and intolerant hardwoods exhibited the largest growth response. We suggest that future spruce budworm inspired harvests in stands with high balsam fir – spruce content use two or three entries about 5 years apart to reduce windthrow.

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