scholarly journals Genome Size Variation within Species of Chinese Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) and Its Wild Ancestor Sour Jujube (Z. acidojujuba Cheng et Liu)

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihu Wang ◽  
Zhi Luo ◽  
Zhiguo Liu ◽  
Jin Zhao ◽  
Wenping Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Chinese Jujube ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
Vertical Diameter ◽  
Horizontal Diameter ◽  
A Genome

One of the most important attributes of a genome is genome size, which can to a large extent reflect the evolutionary history and diversity of a plant species. However, studies on genome size diversity within a species are still very limited. This study aims to clarify the variation in genome sizes of Chinese jujube and sour jujube, and to characterize if there exists an association between genome sizes and geographical variation. We measured the genome sizes of 301 cultivars of Chinese jujube and 81 genotypes of sour jujube by flow cytometry. Ten fruit traits, including weight, vertical diameter, horizontal diameter, size, total acids, total sugar, monosaccharide, disaccharide, soluble solids, and ascorbic acid were measured in 243 cultivars of Chinese jujube. The estimated genome sizes of Chinese jujube cultivars ranged from 300.77 Mb to 640.94 Mb, with an average of 408.54 Mb, with the highest number of cultivars (20.93%) falling in the range of 334.787 to 368.804 Mb. The genome size is somewhat different with geographical distribution. The results showed weakly significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) between genome size and fruit size, vertical diameter, horizontal diameter, and weight in the Chinese jujube. The estimated sour jujube genome sizes ranged from 346.93 Mb to 489.44 Mb, with the highest number of genotypes (24.69%) falling in the range of 418.185 to 432.436 Mb. The average genome size of sour jujube genotypes is 423.55 Mb, 15 Mb larger than that of Chinese jujube. There exists a high level of variation in genome sizes within both Chinese jujube cultivars and sour jujube genotypes. Genome contraction may have been occurred during the domestication of Chinese jujube. This study is the first large-scale investigation of genome size variation in both Chinese jujube and sour jujube, which has provided useful resources and data for the characterization of genome evolution within a species and during domestication in plants.

scholarly journals Intraspecific Genome Size Variation in Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo)

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 949-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lane Rayburn ◽  
Mosbah M. Kushad ◽  
Wanisari Wannarat
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Fruit Morphology ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Size Variability

Genome size has recently been reported to vary 16% in pumpkins (Cucurbita spp.). The majority of this variation can be attributed to genome size differences in pumpkins of various taxonomical classes. The purpose of this study was to determine if intraspecific genome size variability could be detected by flow cytometry in Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo pumpkin cultivars with similar fruit morphology. The pie pumpkins group was chosen for this study because of their similar fruit size, shape, and color. Genome sizes ranged from 1.109 pg in Spooktacular to 1.064 pg in Small Sugar. Spooktacular had a genome size larger than Small Sugar in all three experiments. Therefore, intraspecific genome size variation does exist in C. pepo subsp. pepo among pumpkin cultivars of similar fruit morphology.

scholarly journals On the Tempo of Genome Size Evolution in Angiosperms

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy M. Beaulieu ◽  
Stephen A. Smith ◽  
Ilia J. Leitch
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Threshold Effect ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
Genome Size Evolution ◽  
Size Evolution

Broadly sampled phylogenies have uncovered extreme deviations from a molecular clock with the rates of molecular substitution varying dramatically within/among lineages. While growth form, a proxy for life history, is strongly correlated with molecular rate heterogeneity, its influence on trait evolution has yet to be examined. Here, we explore genome size evolution in relation to growth form by combining recent advances in large-scale phylogeny construction with model-based phylogenetic comparative methods. We construct phylogenies for Monocotyledonae (monocots) and Fabaceae (legumes), including all species with genome size information, and assess whether rates of genome size evolution depend on growth form. We found that the rates of genome size evolution for woody lineages were consistently an order of magnitude slower than those of herbaceous lineages. Our findings also suggest that growth form constrains genome size evolution, not through consequences associated with the phenotype, but instead through the influence of life history attributes on the tempo of evolution. Consequences associated with life history now extend to genomic evolution and may shed light on the frequently observed threshold effect of genome size variation on higher phenotypic traits.

scholarly journals Genome size variation in the genus Avena

Genome ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honghai Yan ◽  
Sara L. Martin ◽  
Wubishet A. Bekele ◽  
Robert G. Latta ◽  
Axel Diederichsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Evolutionary Distance ◽  
Polyploid Species ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
Similar Morphology ◽  
Germplasm Collections ◽  
A Genome ◽  
C Genome

Genome size is an indicator of evolutionary distance and a metric for genome characterization. Here, we report accurate estimates of genome size in 99 accessions from 26 species of Avena. We demonstrate that the average genome size of C genome diploid species (2C = 10.26 pg) is 15% larger than that of A genome species (2C = 8.95 pg), and that this difference likely accounts for a progression of size among tetraploid species, where AB < AC < CC (average 2C = 16.76, 18.60, and 21.78 pg, respectively). All accessions from three hexaploid species with the ACD genome configuration had similar genome sizes (average 2C = 25.74 pg). Genome size was mostly consistent within species and in general agreement with current information about evolutionary distance among species. Results also suggest that most of the polyploid species in Avena have experienced genome downsizing in relation to their diploid progenitors. Genome size measurements could provide additional quality control for species identification in germplasm collections, especially in cases where diploid and polyploid species have similar morphology.

scholarly journals Large vs small genomes in Passiflora: the influence of the mobilome and the satellitome

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariela Sader ◽  
Magdalena Vaio ◽  
Luiz Augusto Cauz-Santos ◽  
Marcelo Carnier Dornelas ◽  
Maria Lucia Carneiro Vieira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Repetitive Dna ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Repetitive Dna Sequences ◽  
Ltr Retrotransposons ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
Satellite Dnas

ABSTRACTRepetitive sequences are ubiquitous and fast-evolving elements responsible for size variation and large-scale organization of plant genomes. Within Passiflora genus, a ten-fold variation in genome size, not attributed to polyploidy, is known. Here, we applied a combined in silico and cytological approach to study the organization and diversification of repetitive elements in three species of these genera representing its known range in genome size variation. Sequences were classified in terms of type and repetitiveness and the most abundant were mapped to chromosomes. We identified Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) retrotransposons as the most abundant elements in the three genomes, showing a considerable variation among species. Satellite DNAs (satDNAs) were less representative, but highly diverse between subgenera. Our results clearly confirm that the largest genome species (Passiflora quadrangularis) presents a higher accumulation of repetitive DNA sequences, specially Angela and Tekay elements, making up most of its genome. Passiflora cincinnata, with intermediate genome and from the same subgenus, showed similarity with P. quadrangularis regarding the families of repetitive DNA sequences, but in different proportions. On the other hand, Passiflora organensis, the smallest genome, from a different subgenus, presented greater diversity and the highest proportion of satDNA. Altogether, our data indicate that while large genome evolve by an accumulation of retrotransponsons, small genomes most evolved by diversification of different repeat types, particularly satDNAs.MAIN CONCLUSIONSWhile two lineages of retrotransposons were more abundant in larger Passiflora genomes, the satellitome was more diverse and abundant in the smallest genome.

scholarly journals Genome Size and Seed Mass Analyses in Cicer arietinum (Chickpea) and Wild Cicer Species

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 1751-1756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumin Kim ◽  
Mengqiao Han ◽  
A. Lane Rayburn
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Cicer Species ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
Wild Cicer Species

The genome size of cultivated Cicer arietinum and 12 wild Cicer sp. including seven annual and five perennial species were analyzed using flow cytometry. A significant 2C genome size variation was observed among the Cicer sp. The 2C genome size ranged from 1.00 pg in wild species, Cicer judaicum, to 1.76 pg in cultivated species, C. arietinum. The wild perennial species all had a genome size of ≈1.6 pg. Most if not all of this genome size variation occurred among wild annual species. A significant positive correlation between 2C genome size and seed mass was observed among 12 wild Cicer sp. at α = 0.05. However, artificial selection appears to decrease nucleotype effects in cultivated C. arietinum, which resulted in no correlation between seed mass and genome size at α = 0.05.

scholarly journals Quantum patterns of genome size variation in angiosperms

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liaofu Luo ◽  
Lirong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Genome Evolution ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Evolution Operator ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Dna Amount ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Eigen Value ◽  
Dna Amounts

Aims: The discontinuous pattern of genome size variation in angiosperms is an unsolved problem related to genome evolution. We introduce a genome evolution operator and solve the related eigen-value equation to deduce the discontinuous pattern. Background: Genome is a well-defined system for studying evolution of species. One of the basic problems is the genome size evolution. The DNA amounts for angiosperm species are highly variable differing over 1000-fold. One big surprise is the discovery of the discontinuous distribution of nuclear DNA amounts in many angiosperm genera. Objective: The discontinuous distribution of nuclear DNA amounts have certain regularity much like a group of quantum states in atomic physics. The quantum pattern has not been explained by all the evolutionary theories so far and we shall interpret it through the quantum simulation of genome evolution. Methods: We have introduced a genome evolution operator H to deduce the distribution of DNA amount. The nuclear DNA amount in angiosperms is studied from the eigen-value equation of the genome evolution operator H. The operator H is introduced by physical simulation and it is defined as a function of the genome size N and the derivative with respective to the size. Results: The discontinuity of DNA size distribution and its synergetic occurrence in related angiosperms species are successfully deduced from the solution of the equation. The results agree well with the existing experimental data of Aloe, Clarkia, Nicotiana, Lathyrus, Allium and other genera. Conclusion: The success of our approach may infer the existence of a set of genomic evolutionary equations satisfying classical – quantum duality. The classical phase of evolution means it obeying classical deterministic law, while the quantum phase means it obeying quantum stochastic law. The discontinuity of DNA size distribution provides fresh evidence on the quantum evolution of angiosperms. People realize that the discontinuous pattern is due to the existence of some unknown evolutionary constrains. However, our study indicates that these constrains on angiosperm genome are essentially of quantum origin.

Documenting Intraspecfic Genome Size Variation in Soybean

Crop Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 261 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lane Rayburn ◽  
D. P. Biradar ◽  
R. L. Nelson ◽  
R. McCloskey ◽  
K. M. Yeater
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Genome Size Variation

scholarly journals Genome size variation in deep-sea amphipods

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 170862 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Ritchie ◽  
A. J. Jamieson ◽  
S. B. Piertney
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
New Hebrides ◽  
Contrast Analysis ◽  
Independent Contrast

Genome size varies considerably across taxa, and extensive research effort has gone into understanding whether variation can be explained by differences in key ecological and life-history traits among species. The extreme environmental conditions that characterize the deep sea have been hypothesized to promote large genome sizes in eukaryotes. Here we test this supposition by examining genome sizes among 13 species of deep-sea amphipods from the Mariana, Kermadec and New Hebrides trenches. Genome sizes were estimated using flow cytometry and found to vary nine-fold, ranging from 4.06 pg (4.04 Gb) in Paralicella caperesca to 34.79 pg (34.02 Gb) in Alicella gigantea . Phylogenetic independent contrast analysis identified a relationship between genome size and maximum body size, though this was largely driven by those species that display size gigantism. There was a distinct shift in the genome size trait diversification rate in the supergiant amphipod A. gigantea relative to the rest of the group. The variation in genome size observed is striking and argues against genome size being driven by a common evolutionary history, ecological niche and life-history strategy in deep-sea amphipods.

scholarly journals Patterns of genome size variation in snapping shrimp

Genome ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 393-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas W. Jeffery ◽  
Kristin Hultgren ◽  
Solomon Tin Chi Chak ◽  
T. Ryan Gregory ◽  
Dustin R. Rubenstein
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Chromosome Size ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
Large Genome ◽  
Large Genome Size ◽  
Single Genus ◽  
Geographic Regions

Although crustaceans vary extensively in genome size, little is known about how genome size may affect the ecology and evolution of species in this diverse group, in part due to the lack of large genome size datasets. Here we investigate interspecific, intraspecific, and intracolony variation in genome size in 39 species of Synalpheus shrimps, representing one of the largest genome size datasets for a single genus within crustaceans. We find that genome size ranges approximately 4-fold across Synalpheus with little phylogenetic signal, and is not related to body size. In a subset of these species, genome size is related to chromosome size, but not to chromosome number, suggesting that despite large genomes, these species are not polyploid. Interestingly, there appears to be 35% intraspecific genome size variation in Synalpheus idios among geographic regions, and up to 30% variation in Synalpheus duffyi genome size within the same colony.

scholarly journals Genome size variation in gymnosperms under different growth conditions

Caryologia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oriane Hidalgo ◽  
Joan Vallès ◽  
Angel Romo ◽  
Miguel-Ángel Canela ◽  
Teresa Garnatje
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Genome Size Variation
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