scholarly journals Intra-Ring Variations and Interrelationships for Selected Wood Anatomical and Physical Properties of Thuja Occidentalis L.

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Besma Bouslimi ◽  
Ahmed Koubaa ◽  
Yves Bergeron
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Thuja Occidentalis ◽  
Ring Density ◽  
Latewood Density

Intra-ring variation in wood density and tracheid anatomical properties and wood property interrelationships were investigated in Thuja occidentalis L. Samples were taken from three stands in Abitibi–Témiscamingue, Quebec, Canada. The structure of T. occidentalis wood is simple, homogeneous and uniform, which is desirable for wooden structures that require wood uniformity. From early- to latewood, cell and lumen diameter decreased, while cell wall thickness increased. These changes led to an increase of the cell wall proportion. Wood ring density and width interrelationships were weaker in mature wood compared to juvenile wood. Earlywood density is the more important in determining mature wood density than latewood density and proportion. Earlywood density explains 92% and 89% of the variation in juvenile and mature wood density, respectively. The negative relationship between ring density and width, although significant, was low and tends to weaken with increasing tree age, thus providing the opportunity for silvicultural practices to improve both growth and wood density. Ring width was positively and strongly correlated to early- and latewood width, but negatively correlated to tracheid length and latewood proportion. Accordingly, increases in ring width produce smaller tracheids and wider earlywood without a corresponding increase in latewood. Practical implications of the results are discussed.

Intratree and intertree variation in selected wood quality characteristics of European oak (Quercuspetraea and Quercusrobur)

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1818-1823 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.Y. Zhang ◽  
G. Nepveu ◽  
R. Eyono Owoundi
Keyword(s):  
Total Variation ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Relative Magnitude ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Cambial Age ◽  
Latewood Density ◽  
European Oak ◽  
Intratree Variation

Twenty-three trees of European oak (Quercuspetraea (Matt) Liebl. and Quercusrobur L.) were collected from northeastern France to study intratree and intertree variation in the following characteristics: (i) wood density as well as earlywood density and latewood density; (ii) various types of wood shrinkage; and (iii) ring width and its components. Both intratree variation and intertree variation in the three characteristics are significant, but intertree variation is generally smaller. However, the relative magnitude of intertree variation varies with characteristic: intertree variation accounts for about 40% of the total variation in radial, tangential, and volumetric wood shrinkage, 32.5% of the total variation in ring width, and 12.6% of the total variation in wood density. Furthermore, the intertree variation is closely and positively related to the intratree variation: among the three characteristics studied, both intertree variation and intratree variation were highest for ring width and its components, and lowest for wood density and its components. In addition, intratree variation increased remarkably with increasing tree age in these species. In general, intratree variation in wood density and wood shrinkage depends more on cambial age than on ring width. The present study, together with the information available so far, suggests that the quality of European oak wood could be significantly improved.

scholarly journals Growth and yield estimation of Chamaecyparis spp. through tree ring analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Kharal ◽  
T. Fujiwara
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Biomass Estimation ◽  
Tree Ring Analysis ◽  
Ring Density ◽  
Ring Analysis

Tree ring analysis is one of the most useful methods in volume and biomass estimation especially of the conifer trees. Ring width and ring density are important parameters in dendrochronological research. The present research was carried out with the aim of estimating the radial and volumetric growth of the Japanese Cypress trees (Chamaecyperis obstusa and C. pisifera). Destructive method was used while collecting the wood samples from the selected trees. Ring width and ring density were measured using soft X-ray densitometry method using micro-densitometer. Computer programme, developed by the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Japan was used to analyze the ring with and ring density data. The average ring width of the Chamaecyparis spp. was found to be about 3.4 mm at the age of 30 years. However, two types of growth pattern were observed in the trees. Average radial growth was about 5% every year during the first 20 years of the tree age, whereas, the average radial growth was negative during the age of 20–30 years. Average density of the tree rings were increased by about 11% in each height of the trees starting from the ground. Similarly, the stem density decreased by about 3.4% annually along the radial direction from the pith.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v22i2.9197Banko Janakari: A Journal of Forestry Information for NepalVol. 22, No. 2, 2012 November Page: 36-42 Uploaded date: 12/1/2013 

A Preliminary Reconstruction of Rainfall in North-Central China since A.D. 1600 from Tree-Ring Density and Width

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm K. Hughes ◽  
Wu Xiangding ◽  
Shao Xuemei ◽  
Gregg M. Garfin
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Singular Spectrum Analysis ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Central China ◽  
North Central ◽  
Ring Density ◽  
Maximum Latewood Density ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Latewood Density

AbstractMay-June (MJ) and April-July (AJ) precipitation at Huashan in north-central China has been reconstructed for the period A.D. 1600 to 1988 using tree-ring density and width fromPinus armandii. MJ precipitation (based on ring width and maximum latewood density) calibrated and cross-validated against local instrumental data more strongly than AJ precipitation (based only on ring width). A major drought was reconstructed for the mid- and late 1920s, confirmed by local documentary sources. This drought (culminating in 1929) was the most severe of the 389-yr period for MJ and second most severe for AJ, after an event ending in 1683. Neither reconstruction shows much spectral power at frequencies lower than 1 in 10 yr, but both show concentrations of power between 2.1 and 2.7 yr and 3.5 to 9 yr. There are significant correlations between the two reconstructions and a regional dryness/wetness index (DW) based on documentary sources, particularly at high frequencies. These correlations are focused in the 7.6- to 7.3-, 3.8- to 3.6-, and 2.5-yr periods. Using singular spectrum analysis, quasiperiodic behavior with a period close to 7.2 yr was identified in the MJ precipitation reconstruction and in the DW index based on documents.

scholarly journals Phenotypic Correlations among Growth and Selected Wood Properties in White Spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) †

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyriac S. Mvolo ◽  
Ahmed Koubaa ◽  
Jean Beaulieu ◽  
Alain Cloutier ◽  
Maurice Defo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Ring Density ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Latewood Density ◽  
Anatomical Properties

We examined phenotypic relationships among radial growth-related, physical (i.e., related to wood density), and anatomical (i.e., related to tracheid dimensions) wood properties in white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), in order to determine the strength and significance of their correlations. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to establish if all of the properties must be measured and to determine the key properties that can be used as proxies for the other variables. Radial growth-related and physical properties were measured with an X-ray densitometer, while anatomical properties were measured with a Fiber Quality Analyzer. Fifteen wood properties (tracheid length (TL) and diameter (TD), earlywood tracheid length (ETL) and diameter (ETD), latewood tracheid length (LTL) and diameter (LTD), ring width (RW), ring area (RA), earlywood width (EWW), latewood width (LWW), latewood proportion (LWP), ring density (RD), intra-ring density variation, earlywood density (EWD), and latewood density (LWD)) were assessed. Relationships were evaluated at intra-ring and inter-ring levels in the juvenile wood (JW) and mature wood (MW) zones. Except for a few cases when mature tracheid diameter (TD) was involved, all intra-ring anatomical properties were highly and significantly correlated. Radial growth properties were correlated, with stronger relationships in MW compared to JW. Physical properties were often positively and significantly correlated in both JW and MW. A higher earlywood density coupled with a lower latewood density favored wood uniformity, i.e., the homogeneity of ring density within a growth ring. Managing plantations to suppress trees growth during JW formation, and enhancing radial growth when MW formation starts will favor overall wood quality. In order, RW-EWW-RA, TL-ETL-LTL, and RD-EWD-LWP are the three clusters that appeared in the three wood zones, the whole pith-to-bark radial section, the juvenile wood zone, and the mature wood zone.

scholarly journals Effects of live crown on vertical patterns of wood density and growth in Douglas-fir

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara L Gartner ◽  
Eric M North ◽  
G R Johnson ◽  
Ryan Singleton
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Growth Ring Width ◽  
Residual Variation ◽  
Wide Range

It would be valuable economically to know what are the biological triggers for formation of mature wood (currently of high value) and (or) what maintains production of juvenile wood (currently of low value), to develop silvicultural regimes that control the relative production of the two types of wood. Foresters commonly assume the bole of softwoods produces juvenile wood within the crown and mature wood below. We tested that assumption by comparing growth ring areas and widths and wood density components of the outer three growth rings in disks sampled from different vertical positions of 34-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees. The 18 trees were sampled from one site and had a wide range of heights to live crown. Most of the variance (63–93%) in wood characteristics (growth ring area: total, earlywood, latewood; growth ring width: total, earlywood, latewood; latewood proportion: by area, width; and ring density: total, earlywood, latewood) was due to within-tree differences (related to age of the disk). Stepwise regression analysis gave us equations to estimate wood characteristics, after which we analyzed the residuals with a linear model that included whether a disk was within or below the crown (defined as the lowest node on the stem with less than three live branches). After adjusting for tree and disk position, only 2–10% of the residual variation was associated with whether the disk was in or out of the live crown. There were no statistically significant differences at p = 0.05 between a given disk (by node number) in versus out of the crown for any of the factors studied. Moreover, the wood density characteristics were not statistically significant at p = 0.30. This research suggests that there was no effect of the crown position on the transition from juvenile to mature wood as judged by wood density. Therefore, we found no evidence to support the concept that tree spacing and live-branch pruning have a significant effect on the cambial age of transition from juvenile to mature wood in Douglas-fir trees of this age.

Wood density of western hemlock: effect of ring width

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 638-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey D. DeBell ◽  
John C. Tappeiner II ◽  
Robert L. Krahmer
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Latewood Density ◽  
Earlywood Width ◽  
Average Wood

Wood density of western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) was determined by X-ray densitometry of strips from breast-height samples consisting of rings 20–24 from the pith. Ring parameters were averaged over the 5 years for each strip. Wood density was negatively correlated with radial growth rate. Average wood density dropped from 0.47 to 0.37 g/cm3 as average ring width increased from 2 to 8 mm. Wood density decreased at higher growth rates primarily because earlywood width increased while latewood width remained the same; as a result, percentage of latewood decreased. Earlywood density decreased slightly at higher growth rates, but latewood density was not significantly related to growth rate.

Anatomical properties of Hibiscus macrophyllus and its mature wood development

IAWA Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-485
Author(s):  
Efrida Basri ◽  
Ratih Damayanti ◽  
Atmawi Darwis ◽  
Saefudin ◽  
Imam Wahyudi
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Plantation Forest ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Wood Development ◽  
Anatomical Properties

Abstract The Hibiscus macrophyllus tree is widely planted in Indonesia especially on Java Island. It has several advantages to be developed commercially as a community or plantation forest compared to the famous introduced species Falcataria moluccana and Anthocephalus spp., including faster growth, higher wood density, and better stem morphology (straighter, more rounded, and lesser branches). However, information about the basic properties of this wood grown in plantations is limited. This study aimed to investigate the anatomical properties of H. macrophyllus and their variation at three ages (8, 12 and 16 years old), as well as to predict the mature wood development by using radial variation in fiber length, microfibril angle (MFA), and wood density from pith toward the bark as the indicators. The wood samples were obtained from a community forest area at Ciamis Regency, West Java Province. Furthermore, anatomical characteristics were examined through wood slides following the IAWA List, while fibre and vessel element dimensions were measured through macerated specimens prepared by modified Franklin’s method. The MFA was determined by X-Ray Diffraction, while wood density was measured in line with British Standard 373-57. The results showed that the anatomical structures were not influenced by tree age, except for wood porosity, and fibre and vessel element dimensions. The 16-year-old tree tended to be semi-ring-porous, the younger trees were diffuse-porous, while the fiber and vessel element length, as well as the diameter, were decreased. Meanwhile, the wall thickness was increased. The fibre length, MFA, and wood density were useful indicators for wood maturity that seemed to be developed at about 11 years of age.

Evidence for associations between SilviScan-measured wood properties and intraring checking in a study of twenty-nine 6-year-old Pinus radiata

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 1156-1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roderick D Ball ◽  
Mike S McConchie ◽  
Dave J Cown
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Tree Level

Wood anatomical characteristics of twenty-nine 6-year-old Pinus radiata D. Don trees, selected to represent the extremes of intraring checking, were assessed with SilviScan. Derived ring-level summary variables were calculated from the SilviScan pith-to-bark wood property traces, based on ring means, standard deviations, and quantiles. Incidence of checking was assessed on discs that had been oven dried using a standardized method, and evidence for associations between wood characteristics and checking was evaluated at the tree and ring level using Bayesian statistical methods. Bayes factors of 39.1, 14.9, and 7.8 were obtained at the tree level, representing moderate to good evidence for associations between ring medians of wood density, tracheid radial diameter, and cell wall thickness, respectively. Increasing wood density, decreasing tracheid radial diameter, and increasing cell wall thickness were associated with reduced incidence of checking. These are parameters expected a priori to contribute to tracheid cells' resistance to collapse under drying stresses. A generalized linear model with radial diameter and cell wall thickness as independent variables had a concordance of 83% for predicting the checking status of trees.

scholarly journals Effects of Fertilization on Wood Formation in Naturally Regenerated Juvenile Silver Birch in a Norway Spruce Stand in South Sweden

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 415
Author(s):  
Josefin A. Nilsson ◽  
Grace Jones ◽  
Charlotta Håkansson ◽  
Åsa Blom ◽  
Johan Bergh
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Stem Wood

This study investigates wood density and anatomy of juvenile silver birch stems in Sweden, grown in mixed conifer stands. Our aim is to investigate if fertilization provides increased growth, as well as an eventual reduction in stem wood density. Measurements of basic density, ring width, cell wall thickness, and vessels are analyzed for 20 birch trees. Bark to pith radial sections are analyzed using a light microscope and the freeware ImageJ to compare treatments and ages. The results show that trees with fertilizer treatment have wider growth rings and thinner cell wall thickness compared to unfertilized trees. The fertilized trees also have a lower cambium age at the same height and the same diameter, and a slightly lower stem mean density (420 kg m−3) than the unfertilized stems (460 kg m−3). Fertilizer is a significant determinant of density and cell wall thickness in nonlinear models. The fertilized trees have increased growth and reached a fixed diameter earlier. The age difference between the trees likely explains some of the differences in cell wall thickness. This study supports the use of fertilizer as a silvicultural option for increasing the growth rate of silver birch for a relatively small reduction of wood density.

scholarly journals Estimating Genetic Parameters for Wood Density of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 84-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Fries ◽  
Tore Ericsson
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Annual Ring ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Annual Rings

Abstract Wood density was analysed and annual ring width was measured on increment cores from 1400 trees in a 30-year-old full-sib progeny test of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in north Sweden. Genetic parameters for wood density were analysed separately for ten outer annual rings, and for simple averages of the five most recent years. The evaluation included genetic correlations with height and stem diameter. Heritabilities of density estimated separately for each annual ring was 0.14-0.26 without any age trend, and jointly for the ten or five latest rings 0.30-0.33; for height growth it was 0.30-0.42 and for stem diameter 0.11-0.13. Additive genetic correlations with height and stem diameter were negative with the simplest statistical model (ȓA = -0.425 and 0.511, respectively) but vanished or diminished when ring width was added as covariate. Density breeding values calculated for the parent trees for each of ten annual rings separately varied considerably between parent trees and between years, tending to increase with increasing age, with a substantial increase between the ages 14 to 16 years from the pith. This age fits well with literature data on the change from juvenile to mature wood. The genetic correlation for wood density between rings from different years was high: ȓA = 0.8 ten years apart, increasing to 1.0 for neighbouring rings. The high genetic correlations for wood density between the innermost and outermost annual rings indicate possible strong covariation between juvenile and/or transition wood and mature wood. The annual variation in wood density in relation to genetic regulation, phenology, environmental conditions, and development from juvenile to mature age is discussed.

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