scholarly journals Effects of Fertilization on Wood Formation in Naturally Regenerated Juvenile Silver Birch in a Norway Spruce Stand in South Sweden

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 415
Author(s):  
Josefin A. Nilsson ◽  
Grace Jones ◽  
Charlotta Håkansson ◽  
Åsa Blom ◽  
Johan Bergh
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Stem Wood

This study investigates wood density and anatomy of juvenile silver birch stems in Sweden, grown in mixed conifer stands. Our aim is to investigate if fertilization provides increased growth, as well as an eventual reduction in stem wood density. Measurements of basic density, ring width, cell wall thickness, and vessels are analyzed for 20 birch trees. Bark to pith radial sections are analyzed using a light microscope and the freeware ImageJ to compare treatments and ages. The results show that trees with fertilizer treatment have wider growth rings and thinner cell wall thickness compared to unfertilized trees. The fertilized trees also have a lower cambium age at the same height and the same diameter, and a slightly lower stem mean density (420 kg m−3) than the unfertilized stems (460 kg m−3). Fertilizer is a significant determinant of density and cell wall thickness in nonlinear models. The fertilized trees have increased growth and reached a fixed diameter earlier. The age difference between the trees likely explains some of the differences in cell wall thickness. This study supports the use of fertilizer as a silvicultural option for increasing the growth rate of silver birch for a relatively small reduction of wood density.

Climate response of cell characteristics in tree rings of Picea crassifolia

Holzforschung ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinmei Xu ◽  
Jianxiong Lu ◽  
Fucheng Bao ◽  
Robert Evans ◽  
Geoffrey M. Downes
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Tree Rings ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Cell Diameter ◽  
Climate Response ◽  
Picea Crassifolia

Abstract Dimensions of dated tree rings are an important tool of dendroclimatology. However, the relationships between climatic variables and cell diameter and cell wall thickness are not yet clearly elaborated. In the present article, year-to-year cell characteristics, ring width, and wood density of Picea crassifolia trees growing in northwestern China have been measured with high resolution by means of the instrument SilviScan-3. The response function analysis showed that climate explained 51% of the variation of cell radial diameter chronology, 48% of wood density, 40% of cell wall thickness, and 37% of ring width. Cell wall thickness and wood density responded significantly and positively to temperature, and the response to precipitation was negative, while the opposite was true for cell radial diameter and ring width. Cell wall thickness and wood density were pronounced (statistically significant) to temperature in September and precipitation in May and August. Cell radial diameter responded significantly to temperature in June and July, and precipitation, in August. For ring width, the temperature in July was important. Accordingly, cell characteristics are sensitive to climate, and the findings could be useful in the field of dendroclimatology.

Evidence for associations between SilviScan-measured wood properties and intraring checking in a study of twenty-nine 6-year-old Pinus radiata

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 1156-1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roderick D Ball ◽  
Mike S McConchie ◽  
Dave J Cown
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Tree Level

Wood anatomical characteristics of twenty-nine 6-year-old Pinus radiata D. Don trees, selected to represent the extremes of intraring checking, were assessed with SilviScan. Derived ring-level summary variables were calculated from the SilviScan pith-to-bark wood property traces, based on ring means, standard deviations, and quantiles. Incidence of checking was assessed on discs that had been oven dried using a standardized method, and evidence for associations between wood characteristics and checking was evaluated at the tree and ring level using Bayesian statistical methods. Bayes factors of 39.1, 14.9, and 7.8 were obtained at the tree level, representing moderate to good evidence for associations between ring medians of wood density, tracheid radial diameter, and cell wall thickness, respectively. Increasing wood density, decreasing tracheid radial diameter, and increasing cell wall thickness were associated with reduced incidence of checking. These are parameters expected a priori to contribute to tracheid cells' resistance to collapse under drying stresses. A generalized linear model with radial diameter and cell wall thickness as independent variables had a concordance of 83% for predicting the checking status of trees.

Wood-density variation of Norway spruce in relation to nutrient optimization and fibre dimensions

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harri Mäkinen ◽  
Pekka Saranpää ◽  
Sune Linder
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Annual Ring ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Fibre Properties ◽  
The Absolute

The effect of fertilization on wood density, fibre length, fibre diameter, lumen diameter, proportion of cell wall area, and cell wall thickness of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were studied in a nutrient optimization experiment in northern Sweden. On the fertilized plots, all essential macronutrients and micronutrients were supplied in irrigation water every second day during the growing season. After 12 years' treatment, data were collected from 24 trees (40 years old) on the fertilized and control plots. Fertilization increased radial growth more than threefold, especially earlywood width, and decreased wood density by over 20% at 1.3 and 4 m height. The decrease in wood density was closely related to the proportion of latewood. The absolute wood density also decreased across the whole annual ring but proportionately more in latewood than in earlywood. A close relationship was found between the wood density and fibre properties, especially with the proportion of cell wall in a cross section of each annual ring, as well as with fibre and lumen width. The absolute cell wall thickness was clearly less related to wood density. However, rather large variations were found between individual trees in the relationship between wood density and fibre properties.

scholarly journals Evaluation of physical, anatomical, and biometric characteristics of Citrus sinensis trees in longitudinal and transverse axes of stem

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 5696-5709
Author(s):  
Ali Hassanpoor Tichi ◽  
Habibollah Khademieslam ◽  
Mojtaba Rezanezhad Divkolae
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Fiber Diameter ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Significant Difference

Three healthy Citrus sinensis (orange) trees in Babol, Iran, were randomly selected and cut. Two discs of 5 cm thickness were prepared along the tree (breast height and crown). In the transverse direction, the test specimens were cut 2 × 2 cm to 3 cm from the pith to the bark sequentially and examined. The biometric and physical properties were measured, and microscopic sections of wood near the bark were studied using light microscopy according to the International Association of Wood Anatomists’ (IAWA) List. Anatomical examination of the C. sinensis wood showed that the species was a diffuse porous hardwood, with indistinct growth rings, simple perforation plates, alternate intervessel pits, and banded parenchyma. The basic density and oven-dry density increased from the pith towards the tree bark and from the bottom of the tree towards the crown. There was a significant difference in both the transverse and longitudinal directions of the C. sinensis tree in terms of fiber length, fiber lumen diameter, fiber diameter, and cell wall thickness. The mean fiber length, fiber diameter, fiber lumen diameter, and cell wall thickness were 0.76 mm, 23.64 µm, 9.23 µm, and 14.41 µm, respectively.

Radial Variation of Anatomical Characteristics in Paraserianthes Falcataria Planted in Indonesia

IAWA Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Ishiguri ◽  
T. Hiraiwa ◽  
K. Iizuka ◽  
S. Yokota ◽  
D. Priadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Wood Fiber ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Radial Variation ◽  
Cell Diameter ◽  
Wood Fibers ◽  
Paraserianthes Falcataria ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics

Radial variation in anatomical characteristics of five 13-year-old Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen (syn. Albizia falcataria (L.) Fosberg), an important commercial tree species in Indonesia, were investigated in order to obtain basic information regarding breeding for wood quality. Both cell wall thickness in wood fibers and vessel percentage showed an almost constant value up to 10 cm from the pith and then increased toward the bark. In contrast, wood fiber percentage decreased from 10 cm toward the bark. The cell wall percentage was lower towards the pith and higher towards the bark. In the five sample trees, significant differences were found in the cell diameter of wood fibers, wood fiber percentage, axial parenchyma percentage, and cell wall percentage. Basic density was affected by the cell wall thickness of wood fibers, but not the vessel percentage and fiber percentage.

Relationships between anatomical and densitometric characteristics of black spruce and summer temperature at tree line in northern Quebec

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily Wang ◽  
Serge Payette ◽  
Yves Bégin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Summer Temperature ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Cell Diameter ◽  
Ring Cell ◽  
Densitometric Data

Tracheid cell number, cell diameter, and cell-wall thickness of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) tree rings at the tree line (northern Quebec, Canada) were measured using image analysis. The densitometric data from the same samples were used to evaluate the features of image analysis. The anatomical data were correlated with summer temperature variables, including: means of pentad temperature (five consecutive days), growing season (May- September), sum of degree-days, and number of frost-free days. Our results suggest that the main cause of the pale appearance of light rings is thinner latewood cell-wall thickness. Some latewood variables are strongly correlated with corresponding indices for ring cell number and diameter, and ring cell wall thickness. Anatomical ring cell number and the sum of cell diameters (ring widths) were correlated to tree-ring width parameters derived from densitometry. Ring cell number and annual sum of cell diameter also showed very similar trends with both chronologies, suggesting that ring-width length may depend on the number of cells within a ring. Ratio diagram of double cell-wall thickness to cell radial diameter showed similar trend to wood density profile. There is a statistically significant correlation between maximum density and the highest annual ratio between cell wall thickness and lumen diameter. Cell-wall thickness was significantly correlated to maximum density, and both were significantly correlated with summer temperature variables. Our results suggest that wood anatomy may be used as a substitute to densitometry for climate reconstruction as densitometric data require expensive equipments. Also the anatomical method allows the recording of intra-annual information for dendroecological purposes.

Genetic control of wood properties in Picea glauca — an analysis of trends with cambial age

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 703-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Lenz ◽  
Alain Cloutier ◽  
John MacKay ◽  
Jean Beaulieu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Genetic Control ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Fibre Surface ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Cambial Age

We investigated the genetic control of wood properties as a function of cambial age to enable improvement of juvenile wood attributes in white spruce ( Picea glauca (Moench) Voss). Increment cores were taken from 375 trees randomly selected from 25 open-pollinated families in a provenance–progeny trial repeated on three sites. High-resolution pith-to-bark profiles were obtained for microfibril angle (MFA), modulus of elasticity (MOE), wood density, tracheid diameter and cell wall thickness, fibre coarseness, and specific fibre surface with the SilviScan technology. Heritability estimates indicated that genetic control of cell anatomy traits and wood density increased with cambial age, whereas the genetic control of MFA and MOE remained relatively low across growth rings. Wood density, radial cell diameter, cell wall thickness, and specific fibre surface were highly heritable, indicating that significant genetic gains could be expected in tree improvement programs, although cambial age at selection may strongly influence the magnitude of realized gains. In contrast, growth-related properties, such as ring width, core length, and tree height, gave weak or nonsignificant heritability estimates. Adverse correlations between mechanical strength and properties related to paper quality suggest that breeding strategies must incorporate both types of traits to improve white spruce wood quality for different end uses.

Variation in Fibre and Parenchyma Wall Thickness in Culms of the Bamboo Sinobambusa Tootsik

IAWA Journal ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Alvin ◽  
R. J. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Ground Tissue ◽  
Average Cell ◽  
Obvious Change ◽  
Cortical Parenchyma

The mid-internodal anatomy of three culms estimated to be less than one, one to two and more than two years old respectively, has been investigated revealing significant increases in average cell wall thickness of the fibres and ground tissue parenchyma. The basic density of the culm also increases. Cortical parenchyma, in contrast, shows no obvious change. Both fibres and parenchyma appear to retain living protoplasts . Progressive thickening of the cell walls over a period of perhaps several years would have important implications for harvesting and utilisation of bamboo culms and would explain reported changes in certain mechanical properties with ageing.

Properties of Gliricidia Wood (Gliricidia sepium) lntercropped with Cocoa (Theobroma cocoa) in Malaysia

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Mohd Helmy Ibrahim ◽  
Mohd Nazip Suratman ◽  
Razali Abd Kader
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Significant Difference

Trees planted from agroforestry practices can become valuable resources in meeting the wood requirements of many nations. Gliricidia sepium is an exotic species introduced to the agricultural sector in Malaysia mainly for providing shade for cocoa and coffee plantations. This study investigates its wood physical properties (specific gravity and moisture content) and fibre morphology (length, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness) of G. sepium at three intervals according to age groups ( three, five and seven years of ages). Specific gravity (0.72) was significantly higher at seven years ofage as compared to five (0.41) and three (0.35) years age group with a mean of 0.43 (p<0.05). Mean moisture content was 58.3% with no significant difference existing between the tree age groups. Fibre diameter (22.4 mm) was significantly lower (p<0.05) for the trees which were three years of age when compared to five and seven years age groups (26.6 mm and 24. 7 mm), respectively. Means of fibre length, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness were 0.83 mm, 18.3 mm, and 6.2 mm, respectively, with no significant differences detected between trees in all age groups. Further calculation on the coefficient of suppleness and runkel ratio suggest that wood from G.sepium may have the potential for insulation board manufacturing and paper making. However, future studies should experiment the utilisation of this species for these products to determine its full potential.

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