Wastewater reclamation systems in small communities

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Alcalde ◽  
M. Folch ◽  
J.C. Tapias ◽  
E. Huertas ◽  
A. Torrens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection

The demands established in the rules and regulations by the administration in Catalonia seem to exclude small communities from wastewater reclamation and reuse, due to the comparatively high costs associated with the practice at small scale. In the framework of the DRAC project (Demonstration on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse in Catalonia) two different pre-treatment systems, one extensive (infiltration–percolation) and another intensive (ring filter), each one followed by chlorine dioxide disinfection, were tested in order to be applied for small communities wastewater reclamation and reuse. The results of this study show that infiltration–percolation systems remove very efficiently physico-chemical contaminants and microorganisms. The ring filter system does not show a significant removal rate of contaminants. The use of infiltration–percolation as a pre-treatment for advanced chemical disinfection allows reducing the dose of disinfectant and the contact time needed to achieve a specific water quality, and diminishes disinfection by-products (DBPs) generation. Therefore, this reclamation line is suitable for small communities due to its efficiency and low cost. However, further studies are needed in relation to the removal mechanisms of microorganisms, organic compounds in IP systems and the possible DBPs formation using chlorine dioxide.

Integrated Process for Textile Cotton Waste (TCW) Valorization: Waste-to-Energy and Wastewater Decontamination

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ribeiro ◽  
C. Vilarinho ◽  
J. Araújo ◽  
J. Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
World Population ◽  
Cotton Waste ◽  
Textile Industries

The increasing of world population, industrialization and global consuming, existing market products existed in the along with diversification of raw materials, are responsible for an exponential increase of wastes. This scenario represents loss of resources and ultimately causes air, soils and water pollution. Therefore, proper waste management is currently one of the major challenges faced by modern societies. Textile industries represents, in Portugal, almost 10% of total productive transforming sector and 19% of total employments in the sector composed by almost 7.000 companies. One of the main environmental problems of textile industries is the production of significant quantities of wastes from its different processing steps. According to the Portuguese Institute of Statistics (INE) these industries produce almost 500.000 tons of wastes each year, with the textile cotton waste (TCW) being the most expressive. It was estimated that 4.000 tons of TCW are produced each year in Portugal. In this work an integrated TCW valorisation procedure was evaluated, firstly by its thermal and energetic valorisation with slow pyrolysis followed by the utilization of biochar by-product, in lead and chromium synthetic wastewater decontamination. Pyrolysis experiments were conducted in a small scale rotating pyrolysis reactor with 0.1 m3 of total capacity. Results of pyrolysis experiments showed the formation of 0,241 m3 of biogas for each kilogram of TCW. Results also demonstrated that the biogas is mostly composed by hydrogen (22%), methane (14 %), carbon monoxide (20%) and carbon dioxide (12%), which represents a total high calorific value of 12.3 MJ/Nm3. Regarding biochar, results of elemental analysis demonstrated a high percentage of carbon driving its use as low cost adsorbent. Adsorption experiments were conducted with lead and chromium synthetic wastewaters (25, 50 and 100 mg L−1) in batch vessels with controlled pH. It was evaluated the behaviour of adsorption capacity and removal rate of each metal during 120 minutes of contact time using 5, 10 and 50 g L−1 of adsorbent dosage. Results indicated high affinity of adsorbent with each tested metal with 78% of removal rate in chromium and 95% in lead experiments. This suggests that biochar from TCW pyrolysis may be appropriated to wastewaters treatment, with high contents of heavy metals and it can be an effective alternative to activated carbon.

Coagulation-adsorption-ultrafiltration for wastewater treatment and reuse

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 361-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Abdessemed ◽  
G. Nezzal ◽  
R. Ben Aim
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Powdered Activated Carbon ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Uf Membranes ◽  
Tubular Membranes

We considered the treatment of domestic wastewater by coagulation–adsorption–ultrafiltration, and a test of adsorption like pre-treatment to the membrane as an alternative for wastewater reclamation and reuse. The performances of two inorganic tubular membranes (M2 and M5 CARBOSEP with 15,000 Da and 10,000 Da MWCO) were studied. Powdered activated carbon was used as adsorbent agent and FeCl3 as a coagulant. Coupling adsorption and ultrafiltration resulted in satisfactory results: the efficiency of COD removal was increased by using PAC compared with results obtained when using only UF membranes.

Secondary effluent reclamation: combination of pre-treatment and disinfection technologies

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 1963-1968 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Alcalde ◽  
M. Folch ◽  
J. C. Tapias ◽  
F. Martínez ◽  
S. Enguídanos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Disinfection Methods ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Treatment Train ◽  
Pre Treatment

A study was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of secondary effluent additional treatment, using a combination of pre-treatments (ring filter, physico-chemical and infiltration-percolation) followed by disinfection methods (chlorine dioxide, peracetic acid and ultraviolet light). Three different indicator microorganisms were determined: E. coli, total coliforms and somatic bacteriophages. The results show better efficiency of physico-chemical and infiltration-percolation processes. Bacteriophages were eliminated to a lesser extent than bacterial indicators in all the treatment systems. Chlorine dioxide and peracetic acid seems to be more efficient in disinfection than ultraviolet light when a ring filter is the pre-treatment used. For the same doses and contact times, the efficiency of the disinfection methods is higher when the pre-treatment used is the physico-chemical or the infiltration-percolation system. The final effluent quality from the physico-chemical treatment train and the infiltration-percolation treatment train, followed by the disinfectants, achieves an E. coli content that allows the reuse in most of the uses described in the Spanish legislation for wastewater reuse.

scholarly journals Biomining – Biotechnological Systems for the Extraction and Recovery of Metals from Secondary Sources

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 737-742 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Hydrometallurgical Processing ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Pyrometallurgical Processing

<p>Biomining is the common term used to define processes that utilize biological systems to facilitate the extraction of metals from ores. Nowadays, a biomining concept can be defined as a two stage combined biological systems (1st stage bioleaching and 2nd stage biosorption) in order to perform the extraction and recovery of the metals from secondary sources such as industrial and mining waste, waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), bottom ash and end of life vehicles. Overwhelming demand and limited sources of metals have resulted in searching new sources so that attentions have been shifted from mining process towards recycling of secondary resources for the recovery of metals. There are several metallurgical processes for metal recovery from the secondary sources such as pyrometallurgical processing, hydrometallurgical and bio/hydrometal-lurgical processing. Biomining processes are estimated to be relatively low-cost, environmentally friendly and suitable for both large scale as well as small scale applications under the bio/hydrometallurgical processing. Thus, the process involves physical separation (pre-treatment) and biomining (bioleaching and biosorption) and hydrometallurgical processes for recovery of base metals, rare earth elements (REEs) and precious metals from e-waste was evaluated.</p>

scholarly journals Low-cost, Small-scale Decontamination of Laboratory Equipment by Using Chlorine Dioxide Gas

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 569-576
Author(s):  
Cara M Mitchell ◽  
Alison McGrath ◽  
Breanne Beck ◽  
Michael J Schurr ◽  
Derek Fong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Laboratory Equipment ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide Gas

scholarly journals Small-Scale Biodiesel Production Plants—An Overview

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1901
Author(s):  
Maria Gabriela De Paola ◽  
Ivan Mazza ◽  
Rosy Paletta ◽  
Catia Giovanna Lopresto ◽  
Vincenza Calabrò
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Cooking Oils ◽  
Renewable Energy Storage

Small-scale plants that produce biodiesel have many social, economic and environmental advantages. Indeed, small plants significantly contribute to renewable energy production and rural development. Communities can use/reuse local raw materials and manage independently processes to obtain biofuels by essential, simple, flexible and cheap tools for self-supply. The review and understanding of recent plants of small biodiesel production is essential to identify limitations and critical units for improvement of the current process. Biodiesel production consists of four main stages, that are pre-treatment of oils, reaction, separation of products and biodiesel purification. Among lots of possibilities, waste cooking oils were chosen as cheap and green sources to produce biodiesel by base-catalyzed transesterification in a batch reactor. In this paper an overview on small-scale production plants is presented with the aim to put in evidence process, materials, control systems, energy consumption and economic parameters useful for the project and design of such scale of plants. Final considerations related to the use of biodiesel such as renewable energy storage (RES) in small communities are discussed too.

Advanced Treatment of Municipal Wastewater Effluent by Coagulation/Sedimentation and Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection

2011 ◽  
Vol 71-78 ◽  
pp. 2792-2796
Author(s):  
Li Hua Cheng ◽  
Ai Hua He ◽  
Xue Jun Bi ◽  
Qi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Tertiary Treatment ◽  
Combination Process ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection ◽  
Selection Of

Due to increasing water scarcity, reclamation and reuse of the secondary effluent of wastewater treatment plant are widely concerned in many countries. Before reuse, the residual contaminant in the secondary effluent should be further removed to guarantee safe reuse. Coagulation/sedimentation and subsequent chlorine dioxide(ClO2) disinfection was adopted for tertiary treatment of secondary effluent. Selection of coagulant and optimization of tertiary treatment parameters were performed in this study. The results showed that coagulation could remove turbidity and total phosphours(TP) effectively. Polyaluminium chloride(PAC) was the most suitable coagulant. The optimal coagulation condition was as follows: PAC dosage of 10mg/L(measured as Al3+), reaction time of 20 min, settling time of 40 min, in this case, the average removal rate of turbidity, color, UV254, TP and TOC could reach to 58.2%, 22.8%, 18.2%, 60.6% and 22.2%, respectively. ClO2could inactive bacteria andE. colieffectively. ClO2could further remove UV254, color and TOC. In case of ClO2dosage of 5mg/L, the sterilization efficiency could reach 100%, and the removal rate of UV254, color and TOC was higher than 25%, 70% and 25%, respectively. In the optimal condition, the removal efficiency of residual contaminant by the combination process was as follows: UV254of 45.9%, color of 76.5%, TOC of 66.7%, turbidity of 61.9% and TP of 96.3%.

Comparison of different advanced disinfection systems for wastewater reclamation

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Salgot ◽  
M. Folch ◽  
E. Huertas ◽  
J. Tapias ◽  
D. Avellaneda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Negative Impacts

Several lines of reclamation have been tested in the Palamós/Vall-Llobrega (Girona, Spain) wastewater treatment plant. Each line consists of a filtration treatment (infiltration-percolation, sand filter, ring filter and physico-chemical treatment) plus a disinfection system (UV, peracetic acid, chlorine dioxide and ozonation). Every combination has been evaluated and compared with the other possibilities. This combination of filtration and disinfection allows the use of lower doses of disinfectants, thus minimising the negative impacts of the whole process and improving the reliability of the reclamation facilities.

Pilot study for sewage wastewater reclamation and reuse using RO membrane: comparison of different pre-treatment systems

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 900-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chin Boon Ong ◽  
Abdul Wahab Mohammad ◽  
Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah ◽  
Hassimi Abu Hasan ◽  
Chai Hoon Koo
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse ◽  
Ro Membrane ◽  
Pre Treatment
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