scholarly journals An overview of Natural Gas Use in Ships: Necessity and Engine Supply

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justas Žaglinskis ◽  
Paulius Rapalis ◽  
Nadezda Lazareva
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Emission Trading ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Engine Exhaust ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Trading Scheme ◽  
Energy Efficiency Design Index

The article consists of analysis of existing and planned air pollution from ships control and prevention tools such Marpol 73/78 Annex VI, Energy Efficiency Design Index, Energy efficiency operational indicator, Ship energy efficiency management plan, Regulation on the Monitoring Reporting and Verification of shipping emissions, Carbon tax, Maritime emission trading scheme. Norms of these control and prevention tools are difficult to ensue using traditional marine fuels. Pollution rates getting tighter and alternatives have to be used, and some of them have long been known and are not widely used due to objective reasons. Such alternative is natural gas, and its use in ship power plants could reduce concentrations of nitrogen, sulphur, carbon compounds and other pollutants in engine exhaust gas up to acceptable level. The part of maritime sector choosing gas or dual-fuel engines due to tighter pollution rates, and the supply of these engines analyzed in last part of article.

scholarly journals Εξωτερικές οικονομίες (ρύποι και ατυχήματα) της ναυτιλίας

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Αναστασία Χριστοδούλου
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Emission Trading ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Emission Trading Scheme ◽  
Trading Scheme ◽  
Energy Efficiency Design Index ◽  
Bunker Fuel

Η ιδέα της διατριβής προέρχεται από την αυξανόμενη ευαισθησία των ερευνητών για τις ολοένα αυξανόμενες επιπτώσεις της κλιματικής αλλαγής και ειδικότερα της ρύπανσης της ατμόσφαιρας από τα λεγόμενα αέρια του θερμοκηπίου. Η ναυτιλία είναι μια από τις βιομηχανίες, οι οποίες συμβάλλουν στις εκπομπές των αερίων αυτών παρόλο που η συμβολή αυτή είναι περιορισμένη. Το ζήτημα που απασχολεί τη διατριβή αυτή είναι η διερεύνηση των κατάλληλων τεχνικών, λειτουργικών και αγορακεντρικών εργαλείων για την αντιμετώπιση των εκπομπών αερίων του θερμοκηπίου από τα πλοία. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, τα εργαλεία αναλύονται και αξιολογούνται, και αυτά είναι ο Σχεδιαστικός Δείκτης Ενεργειακής Αποδοτικότητας (Energy Efficiency Design Index - EEDI), το Σχέδιο Ενεργειακά Αποδοτικής Διαχείρισης του Πλοίου (Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan - SEΕMP) και ο Λειτουργικός Δείκτης Ενεργειακής Αποδοτικότητας (Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator – EEΟI), το Ναυτιλιακό Σύστημα Αγοραπωλησίας Δικαιωμάτων Εκπομπών (Maritime Emission Trading Scheme - METS) και ο διεθνής φόρος στο ναυτιλιακό καύσιμο (Global levy scheme on marine bunker fuel). Η διατριβή αυτή κινείται σε δυο άξονες, καθώς από τη μία αξιολογούνται οι μηχανισμοί περιορισμού των εκπομπών αερίων του θερμοκηπίου από τα πλοία ως προς: (α) την περιβαλλοντική τους αποτελεσματικότητα, (β) την οικονομική τους αποδοτικότητα, (γ) την παροχή κινήτρων για τεχνολογική αλλαγή και (δ) την πρακτική τους εφαρμογή (ποιοτική έρευνα), ενώ από την άλλη πραγματοποιήθηκε εκτεταμένη έρευνα (ποσοτική - στατιστική) με ερωτηματολόγια σε δείγμα από το σύνολο των ναυτιλιακών επιχειρήσεων που δραστηριοποιούνται στον Ελληνικό χώρο, μέσα από την οποία εξήχθησαν για πρώτη φορά συμπεράσματα σχετικά με τον τρόπο που αντιμετωπίζει η ναυτιλιακή βιομηχανία, ουσιαστικά η Ελληνόκτητη ναυτιλιακή βιομηχανία, την υιοθέτηση των διαφόρων προτεινόμενων τεχνικών, λειτουργικών και οικονομικών εργαλείων για τον περιορισμό των εκπομπών αερίων του θερμοκηπίου από τον στόλο της.Τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας αυτής αντικατοπτρίζουν την περιβαλλοντική συμπεριφορά και τις πρακτικές σχετικά με τις ναυτιλιακές εκπομπές αερίων του θερμοκηπίου ενός αντιπροσωπευτικού μέρους της Ελληνόκτητης ναυτιλιακής βιομηχανίας, μιας και το δείγμα περιλαμβάνει ναυτιλιακές εταιρείες διαφόρων μεγεθών, οι οποίες συμμετέχουν σε διάφορους τομείς της ναυτιλιακής βιομηχανίας. Λαμβάνοντας υπόψη το μέγεθος και τη σημασία της Ελληνόκτητης ναυτιλιακής βιομηχανίας στο πεδίο της διεθνούς ναυτιλίας, τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας αυτής παρουσιάζουν σήμερα μια ιδιαίτερη σημασία, μιας και θα μπορούσαν να αναλυθούν περαιτέρω και να ληφθούν υπόψη για την επίτευξη της συμμόρφωσης της ναυτιλιακής βιομηχανίας με οποιαδήποτε μελλοντικά τεχνικά, λειτουργικά ή οικονομικά εργαλεία για τη μείωση των ναυτιλιακών εκπομπών αερίων του θερμοκηπίου.

scholarly journals Is South Korea’s Emission Trading Scheme Effective? An Analysis Based on the Marginal Abatement Cost of Coal-Fueled Power Plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Choi ◽  
Qi
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Stochastic Frontier Analysis ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Emission Trading ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Frontier Analysis ◽  
Trading Scheme

This paper examines not only the effectiveness of the South Korean emissions-trading scheme (ETS), but also the determinants of its performance. We apply a directional distance function and stochastic frontier analysis method to estimate environmental efficiency and the marginal CO2 abatement costs for 50 coal-fueled power plants from 2008 to 2016. The result indicates that the efficiency differs between the Lee Myung-bak and Park Geun-hye administration periods, with performance in the former period being relatively more effective than in the latter. Meanwhile, there were price gaps of 57.98% and 72.76% in 2015 and 2016, respectively, between the realized carbon market price and our result, indicating significant suppressed pressure on the market. We conclude that the Korean government should strengthen its regulations to more effectively implement a green economy. Policymakers could impose a carbon tax; substantially decrease the carbon emissions-free quota; and provide more incentives, especially to the energy-intensive, resource-saving coal-fueled power plants. This would ultimately keep market prices within a reasonable range and achieve a balance between the supply and demand for carbon emission allowances in the market.

scholarly journals An Energy Consumption Approach to Estimate Air Emission Reductions in Container Shipping

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 278
Author(s):  
Ernest Czermański ◽  
Giuseppe T. Cirella ◽  
Aneta Oniszczuk-Jastrząbek ◽  
Barbara Pawłowska ◽  
Theo Notteboom
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Container Shipping ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Emission Reductions ◽  
Energy Efficiency Design Index ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Container shipping is the largest producer of emissions within the maritime shipping industry. Hence, measures have been designed and implemented to reduce ship emission levels. IMO’s MARPOL Annex VI, with its future plan of applying Tier III requirements, the Energy Efficiency Design Index for new ships, and the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan for all ships. To assist policy formulation and follow-up, this study applies an energy consumption approach to estimate container ship emissions. The volumes of sulphur oxide (SOx), nitrous oxide (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted from container ships are estimated using 2018 datasets on container shipping and average vessel speed records generated via AIS. Furthermore, the estimated reductions in SOx, NOx, PM, and CO2 are mapped for 2020. The empirical analysis demonstrates that the energy consumption approach is a valuable method to estimate ongoing emission reductions on a continuous basis and to fill data gaps where needed, as the latest worldwide container shipping emissions records date back to 2015. The presented analysis supports early-stage detection of environmental impacts in container shipping and helps to determine in which areas the greatest potential for emission reductions can be found.

Evaluations on Ship Performance Under Varying Operational Conditions

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lokukaluge P. Perera ◽  
Brage Mo ◽  
Leifur Arnar Kristjánsson ◽  
Petter Chr. Jønvik ◽  
Jan Øivind Svardal
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Emission Control ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Energy Efficiency Design Index ◽  
Main Engine ◽  
Emission Control Measures

Various emission control measures have been introduced in the recent years for improving vessel performance in the shipping industry. That consists of: Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) for new ships and Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) and Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI) for all ships. These emission control measures enforce the shipping industry to improve operational conditions and to implement modern technology for more energy efficient shipping fleets. Therefore, this study presents preliminary data analysis of a selected vessel for monitoring its performance along the ship routes. The results consist of observing vessel performance under several navigation parameters: ship GPS speed (i.e. speed over the ground), log speed, course, fuel consumption, main and auxiliary engine power, main engine shaft RPM, loading and draft conditions with respect to the route, voyage time and wind conditions. Furthermore, these parameters have been used to analyze potential and optimal energy usage situations in ship navigation with respect to the EEOI, in which represents an important part of the SEEMP.

The unpaid social cost of carbon

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Linnenluecke ◽  
Tom Smith ◽  
Robert E. Whaley
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Social Cost ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Emission Trading ◽  
Carbon Taxes ◽  
Social Cost Of Carbon ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Trading Scheme ◽  
Fossil Fuel Industry ◽  
Fuel Industry

Purpose This paper aims to examine the complex issue of the social cost of carbon. The authors review the existing literature and the strengths and deficiencies of existing approaches. They introduce a simple methodology that estimates the amount of “legal looting” in the fossil fuel industry as an alternative approach to calculate an unpaid social cost of carbon. The “looting amount” can be defined as society’s failure to charge fossil fuel firms for the damage that their activities cause represents an implied subsidy. Design/methodology/approach The methodology used in this paper combines decisions in the form of policymakers setting carbon taxes and rational investors investing in carbon emission markets. Findings The authors show that the unpaid social cost of carbon in the fossil fuel industry was US$12.7tn over 1995-2013, but may be as high as US$115.5tn. Originality/value Over the same period, the sum of industry profits, emission trading scheme carbon permit and carbon tax revenue totalled US$7tn, indicating the industry would not be viable if it was made to pay for damages to society.

Holistic Energy Mapping Methodology for Reduced Fuel Consumption and Emissions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena Lim ◽  
Kayvan Pazouki ◽  
Alan J. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Energy Flow ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Concept Design ◽  
Energy Efficiency Design Index

There are increasing concerns and regulations regarding the emission of pollutants from shipping. Therefore, regulations such as the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) and Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) have been made mandatory to cope with climate change concerns. To put these efforts into practice, the Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI) was introduced in 2009 to account for the fuel consumption, distance travelled by the vessel and cargo mass. However, it is stated that these do not apply to ships that are not engaged in transport work such as research vessels and tugboats. These short sea shipping vessels have been neglected under current indexes and it is not possible for their properties to be quantified since current indices are for vessels carrying loads. The numbers of these specialised vessels are increasing in local waters, and are closer to coastal communities where concerns and impact from these pollutants would be more direct. In the IMO greenhouse gas study, options for improving energy efficiency in terms of design includes the concept, design speed and capability, hull and superstructure, power and propulsion whilst the principle of energy efficiency in terms of operation includes fleet management, logistics and incentives, voyage optimisation and energy management. A reliable energy flow breakdown architecture and diagnostics for these smaller vessels is important and will contribute to an understanding of the energy production, distribution and consumption on-board. This feeds into the IMO plan to encourage energy management. A systematic approach consisting of five distinct stages is recommended to accomplish a holistic approach for energy efficiency management. This includes understanding of energy flow breakdown architecture, vessel survey to understand operation and conduct, review existing sensors and new sensor installation, sensor communication and data processing, and finally data analysis. These stages are addressed in this paper to provide an overall understanding of a robust energy efficiency audit procedure and sensor matrix. This includes unifying the existing on-board sensors with the proposed new sensors for additional data collection where primary parameters are not readily available. Inferred secondary parameter calculations are also applied where direct data collection is not possible. This will allow information from the vessel to be transmitted to a common platform to enable detailed data analysis. The aim of this work is to improve energy management and monitoring, which leads to understanding and managing consumption of energy. A case study of this methodology has been carried out on the Princess Royal, a Newcastle University research vessel. Recommendations for further testing and optimisation of this methodology will be applied to tugboats and Offshore Supply Vessels (OSV).

scholarly journals Evaluation of CO2 Emissions from Energy Sources in Latvia

2010 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 30-39
Author(s):  
D. Blumberga ◽  
I. Veidenbergs ◽  
J. Gusca ◽  
M. Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Nonlinear Regression ◽  
Empirical Model ◽  
Emission Trading ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Emission Trading Scheme ◽  
Linear And Nonlinear ◽  
Trading Scheme

Evaluation of CO2Emissions from Energy Sources in LatviaThe authors propose an empirical model for evaluation of the CO2emissions released from the energy generation sources as a function of the fuel types, energy efficiency of the technologies used, and the emission factors of the fuels. In the research, multifactor linear and nonlinear regression equations are employed. The developed model has been proved with the data of the energy generation sources taking part in the Latvian Emission Trading Scheme.

scholarly journals Economic and operational impact of the MRV implementation on maritime transport processes

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akram Akoel ◽  
Ryszard K. Miler
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Maritime Transport ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Energy Efficiency Design Index

Abstract The European Union (EU) and International Maritime Organisation (IMO) strongly feel the need for initiating measures to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from international shipping lines regionally and globally using a package of tools called Green Shipping Practices (GSP). The GSP includes the use of global market-based mechanisms (MBMs), adoption of the energy efficiency design index (EEDI), establishing compulsory energy efficiency standards for all new ships, and the ship energy efficiency management plan (SEEMP) recommended as a new management tool for ship owners. Furthermore, the European Commission (EC) has proposed that owners of large ships using EU ports should report their verified emissions (Monitoring, Reporting and Verification of Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (MRV)) from 2018. In addition, IMO has introduced collection and reporting of ship fuel consumption data (SFCD) under the IMO SFCD scheme based on similar conditions, but related to global shipping. By providing a holistic analysis of the above-mentioned tools with a special focus on MRV and SFCD, this paper presents their economical and operational implications on the maritime transport processes. The working hypothesis that there is a correlation between the introduction of MRV and SFCD tools and reduction of maritime transport anthropopresure has been proved.

Economic comparison between coal-fired and liquefied natural gas combined cycle power plants considering carbon tax: Korean case

Energy ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 1320-1330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suk-Jae Jeong ◽  
Kyung-Sup Kim ◽  
Jin-Won Park ◽  
Dong-soon Lim ◽  
Seung-moon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Natural Gas Combined Cycle ◽  
Economic Comparison

CAN CARBON TAX COMPLEMENT EMISSION TRADING SCHEME? THE IMPACT OF CARBON TAX ON ECONOMY, ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT IN CHINA

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (03) ◽  
pp. 2041002
Author(s):  
BOQIANG LIN ◽  
ZHIJIE JIA
Keyword(s):  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Emission Trading ◽  
Emission Trading Scheme ◽  
Emission Mitigation ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Energy And Environment ◽  
Energy Environment ◽  
Trading Scheme ◽  
The Impact

The problems of excessive CO2 emissions and global warming caused by human activities are becoming more serious. Carbon Tax (CT) and Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) are popular emission mitigation mechanisms. This paper establishes four counter-factual (CF) scenarios with different CT rate, and constructs a dynamic recursive computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, named China Energy-Environment-Economy Analysis (CEEEA) model, to study the impact of different CT rate on the economy, energy and environment. The results indicate that if CT complement ETS, and the cap of ETS is based on grandfathering method, the carbon trading price will reduce due to the changes in carbon allowances demand and supply. CT can share the mitigation pressure from ETS coverages into non-ETS coverages. When CT complement ETS but nothing is changed in mechanism of emission trading, the total emission mitigation effect will reduce slightly but the mitigation cost will reduce significantly. All in all, using CT as the supplement is a good mitigation strategy to release Gross Domestic Product (GDP) loss. But if we want to get more mitigation effect, rising CT rate or a stricter carbon cap may help.

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