scholarly journals A Publicly Available Simulation of Battery Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Gas-Powered Vehicles

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2569
Author(s):  
Lawrence Fulton
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Hybrid Vehicles ◽  
Consumer Information ◽  
Interactive Simulation ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Environmental Benefit ◽  
Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Vehicle Purchase

Volatility in energy markets has made the purchase of battery electric vehicles (BEV) or hybrid vehicles (HEVs) attractive versus internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). However, the total cost of ownership (TCO) and true environmental effects, are difficult to assess. This study provides a publicly available, user-driven simulation that estimates the consumer and environmental costs for various vehicle purchase options, supporting policymaker, producer, and consumer information requirements. It appears to be the first to provide a publicly available, user interactive simulation that compares two purchase options simultaneously. It is likely that the first paper to simulate the effects of solar recharging of electric vehicles (EV) on both cost-benefit for the consumer and environmental benefit (e.g., carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, non-methane organic gasses, particulate matter, and formaldehyde) simultaneously, demonstrating how, as an example, solar-based charging of BEVs and HEVs reduces carbon emissions over grid-based charging. Two specific scenarios are explicated, and the results of show early break-even for both BEV and Plug-in HEV (PHEV) options over ICEV (13 months, and 12 months, respectively) with CO2 emissions about ½ that of the gasoline option (including production emissions.) The results of these simulations are congruent with previous research that identified quick break-even for HEVs versus ICEV.

scholarly journals Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicle Batteries: An Overview of Recent Literature

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Temporelli ◽  
Maria Leonor Carvalho ◽  
Pierpaolo Girardi
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Hybrid Vehicles ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Life Cycle Assessments ◽  
Battery Capacity ◽  
Automotive Batteries ◽  
Use Phase

In electric and hybrid vehicles Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs), batteries play a central role and are in the spotlight of scientific community and public opinion. Automotive batteries constitute, together with the powertrain, the main differences between electric vehicles and internal combustion engine vehicles. For this reason, many decision makers and researchers wondered whether energy and environmental impacts from batteries production, can exceed the benefits generated during the vehicle’s use phase. In this framework, the purpose of the present literature review is to understand how large and variable the main impacts are due to automotive batteries’ life cycle, with particular attention to climate change impacts, and to support researchers with some methodological suggestions in the field of automotive batteries’ LCA. The results show that there is high variability in environmental impact assessment; CO2eq emissions per kWh of battery capacity range from 50 to 313 g CO2eq/kWh. Nevertheless, either using the lower or upper bounds of this range, electric vehicles result less carbon-intensive in their life cycle than corresponding diesel or petrol vehicles.

scholarly journals Managing Fuel Consumption and Emissions in the Renewed Fleet of a Transport Company

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 5047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmina Pašagić Škrinjar ◽  
Borna Abramović ◽  
Lucija Bukvić ◽  
Željko Marušić
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Transport Policy ◽  
Impact Reduction ◽  
Negative Environmental Impact ◽  
Vehicle Purchase

This research shows the relationship between the energy emission parameters and CO2 equivalents for conventional fossil fuel-powered vehicles (ICEV, Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) to determine the life cycle costs of the vehicles. The combination of transport policy and alternative fuels has the purpose of creating a sustainable transport system. Transport policy focuses on increasing energy efficiency and reducing the price of electric vehicles as technology advances. The profitability for each vehicle type was also observed through current vehicle purchase prices. The main objective of this paper is to study the environmental impact of diesel vans, taking into account lifelong energy use, fuel consumption and CO2 equivalents through air pollution. Although the purchase price of the ICEV is less than the HEV, all electric vehicles are determined to have the lowest overall environmental impact during the operational phase. The goal of transport companies and logistics operators that own a fleet is to achieve quality service with maximum cost and negative environmental impact reduction.

scholarly journals The suitability of internal combustion engine sounds as artificial warning sounds for electric and hybrid vehicles

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 271-280
Author(s):  
Ivan Bolkovac ◽  
Marko Horvat ◽  
Kristian Jambrošić ◽  
Hrvoje Domitrović
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Hybrid Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Modes Of Operation ◽  
Vehicle Type ◽  
Preliminary Examination

The paper discusses the issue of adding artificial warning sounds to hybrid and fully electric vehicles, in order to increase traffic safety by making these vehicles audible at low speeds. The goal of this modification is to enable the pedestrians to perceive possible danger coming from such a vehicle in time to respond accordingly. Following the results of previous research which state that the sounds of internal combustion engines are valid candidates for artificial warning sounds to be added to hybrid or fully electric vehicles, a preliminary examination of the suitability and acceptability of different engine sounds in various modes of operation has been conducted. The chosen modes of operation are running in idle, at 2000 rpm and 3000 rpm with the vehicle stopped. Both gasoline and diesel engines were investigated. To expand the range of engine sounds, the type of vehicles was not limited to personal cars. The results show significant differences in suitability of engine sounds for the stated purpose, with vehicle type being the main differentiating factor.

scholarly journals Innovation cognizance and acceptance: The case of electric vehicles adoption in Ontario, Canada

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-69
Author(s):  
Ranjita Singh ◽  
Philip Walsh ◽  
Joshua Goodfield
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Consumer Information ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Regression Modelling ◽  
Intent To Purchase

This study examines the results of a survey of 1,000 Canadian internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle owners to assess factors that would encourage them to purchase an electric vehicle (EV). Further to the work of Peters and Dutschke (2014) and (Matthews et al. (2017) we combine the various drivers of EV adoption, independently identified in the literature, into one model in order to investigate their influence on the intent to purchase an EV. Through correlations and a series of probit regression modelling, we provide evidence to support additional policies that could establish greater relative advantages for owning an EV. These include the promotion of the communication of those advantages through experiential awareness initiatives such as improved access to EV test drives and consumer information. We suggest that car dealerships are important partners in this journey and their association is critical for greater diffusion of EVs in the market. Our findings have implications for EV manufacturers and government policy makers.

scholarly journals Energy Efficiency, Emissions, Tribological Challenges and Fluid Requirements of Electrified Passenger Car Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Ian Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Hybrid Vehicles ◽  
Cooling Systems ◽  
Engine Oils ◽  
Electricity System ◽  
Vehicle Transmissions ◽  
Made In

The motivations for the move to electrified vehicles are discussed with reference to their improved energy efficiency, their potential for lower CO2 emissions (if the electricity system is decarbonized), their lower (or zero) NOx/particulate matter (PM) tailpipe emissions, and the lower overall costs for owners. Some of the assumptions made in life-cycle CO2 emissions calculations are discussed and the effect of these assumptions on the CO2 benefits of electric vehicles are made clear. A number of new tribological challenges have emerged, particularly for hybrid vehicles that have both a conventional internal combustion engine and a battery, such as the need to protect against the much greater number of stop-starts that the engine will have during its lifetime. In addition, new lubricants are required for electric vehicle transmissions systems. Although full battery electric vehicles (BEVs) will not require engine oils (as there is no engine) they will require a system to cool the batteries – alternative cooling systems are discussed, and where these are fluid based, the specific fluid requirements are outlined.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Total Cost of Ownership of Electric Vehicles in Poland

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4806
Author(s):  
Sendek-Matysiak Ewelina ◽  
Krzysztof Grysa
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Total Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Automotive Market ◽  
Cost Of Ownership ◽  
The Cost

Eliminating environmental and air pollution is one of the European Union’s priority actions in the field of transport. Poland, as a member of the European Community, is also actively involved in these activities. The flagship project, the implementation of which is expected to bring tangible effects in this respect, is the “Sustainable Transport Development Strategy until 2030”. It states that in 2030 there should be 600,000 BEVs (battery electric vehicles) on Polish roads. At present, the share of such vehicles in the automotive market in Poland is small, which is a result of a number of barriers. One of them, very important considering the preferences of Poles, is the cost of buying such a car, which is currently at least 40% higher than its counterpart with a combustion engine. Meanwhile, popularizers of electric cars believe that the cost of buying such a vehicle is offset by the subsequent costs associated with its operation. Hence, this paper determines and then compares the total purchase and operating costs of cars of the same make, same model, differing in the source of propulsion, to category M1. Cars in this category represent the largest share of the automotive market in Poland—over 75%. The main objective of the analysis conducted was to determine if a current electric passenger vehicle can be competitive with an internal combustion car in everyday use. Therefore, a relationship was developed to calculate the total cost of ownership, which takes into account all the key criteria from the point of view of private vehicle use. The utilitarian value of this research may be supported by the fact that the example of Poland and its problems concerning the issue in question may serve as a source of preliminary analysis for other countries.

scholarly journals Comparative environmental impacts of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles with Hybrid Vehicles and Electric Vehicles in China—Based on Life Cycle Assessment

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 02010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ningning Ha
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Hybrid Vehicles ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Whole Life Cycle

In China, the growth of new energy vehicles is especially rapid and the explosive growth of the automobile brought an increasing impact on the environment. This paper selected Electric Vehicles, Hybrid Vehicles and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles of the same model of BYD as the object. We established a Life Cycle Assessment with GaBi6 software and CML2001 model. The results show that in the whole life cycle, the influences of ADP, GWP and ODP of Electric Vehicles are less than that of Hybrid Vehicles and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles. The impact of Electric Vehicles are 39%, 50%, and 4% of the Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles and the Hybrid Vehicles’ impact are 65%, 78% and 85% of the Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles. Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Vehicles have a clear improvement in these three types of impacts. The comparison results of AP, EP, FAETP, MAETP and POCP show that the potential impact of Electric Vehicles is greater than that of Hybrid Vehicles and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles. At present, improving production technology and reducing the consumption of energy during production phase are effective measures to reduce the environmental impact of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles and Hybrid Vehicles of China.

Comparing total cost of ownership of battery electric vehicles and internal combustion engine vehicles

Energy Policy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 158 ◽  
pp. 112564
Author(s):  
Zhe Liu ◽  
Juhyun Song ◽  
Joseph Kubal ◽  
Naresh Susarla ◽  
Kevin W. Knehr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Total Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Battery Electric Vehicles ◽  
Cost Of Ownership

Research on the Optimum Continuous Mileages under the Pure Electric Mode of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2014 ◽  
Vol 672-674 ◽  
pp. 1179-1182
Author(s):  
De Ming Bu ◽  
Cheng Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Hybrid Vehicles ◽  
Battery Pack ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Important Direction ◽  
Electric Mode

Plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) combine the motor and traditional internal combustion engine with their full advantages, they have great advantages in practical application, are an important direction to develop the energy saving and emission reduction vehicles. The PHEVs’ capacity of battery pack determines the continuous mileages under the pure electric mode, the larger the capacity of battery pack is, the higher the PHEVs’ cost is. But the continuous mileages under the pure electric mode are longer, the fuel cost of consumers is lower. For ordinary consumers, economy and utility are two important factors to purchase PHEVs. Considering different consumers, city forms and people use habits, the PHEVs’ optimum continuous mileages under the pure electric mode for suitable promotion were presented, to make they have the optimum consumer ownership cost, have the important practical significance to promote the development of PHEVs in different area.

scholarly journals Energy Efficiency, Emissions, Tribological Challenges and Fluid Requirements of Electrified Passenger Car Vehicles

Lubricants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Robert Ian Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Hybrid Vehicles ◽  
Cooling Systems ◽  
Engine Oils ◽  
Electricity System ◽  
Vehicle Transmissions ◽  
Made In

The motivations for the move to electrified vehicles are discussed with reference to their improved energy efficiency, their potential for lower CO2 emissions (if the electricity system is decarbonized), their lower (or zero) NOx/particulate matter (PM) tailpipe emissions, and the lower overall costs for owners. Some of the assumptions made in life-cycle CO2 emissions calculations are discussed and the effect of these assumptions on the CO2 benefits of electric vehicles are made clear. A number of new tribological challenges have emerged, particularly for hybrid vehicles that have both a conventional internal combustion engine and a battery, such as the need to protect against the much greater number of stop-starts that the engine will have during its lifetime. In addition, new lubricants are required for electric vehicle transmissions systems. Although full battery electric vehicles (BEVs) will not require engine oils (as there is no engine), they will require a system to cool the batteries—alternative cooling systems are discussed, and where these are fluid-based, the specific fluid requirements are outlined.

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