scholarly journals Ancillary Services Market Design in Distribution Networks: Review and Identification of Barriers

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Oureilidis ◽  
Kyriaki-Nefeli Malamaki ◽  
Konstantinos Gallos ◽  
Achilleas Tsitsimelis ◽  
Christos Dikaiakos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Markets ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Transmission System ◽  
Ancillary Services ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Specific System ◽  
Support Functions ◽  
Grid Level

The high proliferation of converter-dominated Distributed Renewable Energy Sources (DRESs) at the distribution grid level has gradually replaced the conventional synchronous generators (SGs) of the transmission system, resulting in emerging stability and security challenges. The inherent characteristics of the SGs are currently used for providing ancillary services (ASs), following the instructions of the Transmission System Operator, while the DRESs are obliged to offer specific system support functions, without being remunerated for these functions, but only for the energy they inject. This changing environment has prompted the integration of energy storage systems as a solution for transfusing new characteristics and elaborating their business in the electricity markets, while the smart grid infrastructure and the upcoming microgrid architectures contribute to the transformation of the distribution grid. This review investigates the existing ASs in transmission system with the respective markets (emphasizing the DRESs’ participation in these markets) and proposes new ASs at distribution grid level, with emphasis to inertial response, active power ramp rate control, frequency response, voltage regulation, fault contribution and harmonic mitigation. The market tools and mechanisms for the procurement of these ASs are presented evolving the existing role of the Operators. Finally, potential barriers in the technical, regulatory, and financial framework have been identified and analyzed.

scholarly journals Ancillary Services Offered by Distributed Renewable Energy Sources at the Distribution Grid Level: An Attempt at Proper Definition and Quantification

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 7106
Author(s):  
Charis S. Demoulias ◽  
Kyriaki-Nefeli D. Malamaki ◽  
Spyros Gkavanoudis ◽  
Juan Manuel Mauricio ◽  
Georgios C. Kryonidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Ancillary Services ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Support Functions

The gradual displacement of synchronous generators driven by conventional power plants, due to the increasing penetration of distributed renewable energy sources (DRES) in distribution grids, is creating a shortage of crucial ancillary services (AS) which are vital for the frequency and voltage stability of the grid. These AS, and some new ones, could now be offered by the DRES, particularly those that are converter interfaced, in a coordinated way in order to preserve the grid stability and resilience. Although recent standards and grid codes specify that the DRES exhibit some system support functions, there are no specifications on how to measure and quantify (M & Q) them both at DRES level and in aggregated form. The M & Q of AS is crucial, since it would allow the AS to be treated as tradable AS in the current and future AS markets. This paper attempts to define a number of AS that can be offered by converter-interfaced DRES and suggests methods for their M & Q. The new AS addressed are: (1) inertial response; (2) primary frequency response; (3) active power smoothing (ramp-rate limitation); (4) exchange of reactive power for voltage regulation; (5) fault-ride-through (FRT) and contribution to fault clearing; (6) voltage harmonic mitigation. Additionally, a rough estimation of the additional investment and operational cost, as well as the financial benefits associated with each AS is provided in order to form the basis for the development of business models around each AS in the near future.

scholarly journals Electric Vehicle–Grid Integration with Voltage Regulation in Radial Distribution Networks

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chong Cao ◽  
Zhouquan Wu ◽  
Bo Chen
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Grid Integration ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Voltage Compensation ◽  
Control Schemes ◽  
Grid Level

In this paper, a vehicle–grid integration (VGI) control strategy for radial power distribution networks is presented. The control schemes are designed at both microgrid level and distribution level. At the VGI microgrid level, the available power capacity for electric vehicle (EV) charging is optimally allocated for charging electric vehicles to meet charging requirements. At the distribution grid level, a distributed voltage compensation algorithm is designed to recover voltage violation when it happens at a distribution node. The voltage compensation is achieved through a negotiation between the grid-level agent and VGI microgrid agents using the alternating direction method of multipliers. In each negotiation round, individual agents pursue their own objectives. The computation can be carried out in parallel for each agent. The presented VGI control schemes are simulated and verified in a modified IEEE 37 bus distribution system. The simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the VGI control algorithms and the effect of algorithm parameters on the convergence of agent negotiation.

Decentralised Electricity Markets and Proactive Customer Behaviour

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 781
Author(s):  
Jens Maiwald ◽  
Tino Schuette
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Markets ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Regional Energy ◽  
Base Scenario ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Grid Level ◽  
Level Running

The energy transition in Germany takes part in decentral structures. With the ongoing integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) into the electricity supply system, supply-side is therefore becoming increasingly decentral and volatile due to the specific generation characteristics. A rather inflexible demand-side, on the other hand, increases the effort to gain the necessary equilibrium between generation and consumption. This paper discusses how consumer behaviour can be influenced by real-time pricing to align demand with generation. Therefore, a combination of two different approaches is used, (I) The Cellular Approach (CA) and (II) Agent Based Modelling (ABM). A model is set up considering a regional energy market, where regional electricity products can be traded peer-to-peer regarding each consumer’s preferences. The observation is made for a whole distribution grid including all types of consumers. The investigations show that energy purchases can be stimulated individually by a flexible pricing mechanism and met preferences. Moreover, benefits occur for the whole region and potentials arise to smooth the exchange balance to the superordinate grid level. Running the model for one entire year in a conservative generation scenario, hours of oversupply could be reduced by 18% and the consumption of green electricity generated regionally could be increased by over 125 MWh within the region itself, in comparison to a base scenario.

scholarly journals An overview of Ancillary Services and HVDC systems in European Context

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 3481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhimanyu Kaushal ◽  
Dirk Van Hertem
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Power System ◽  
Electricity Markets ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Synchronous Generator ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Transmission System ◽  
Ancillary Services ◽  
Market Practices

Liberalization of electricity markets has brought focus on the optimal use of generation and transmission infrastructure. In such a scenario, where the power transmission systems are being operated closer to their critical limits, Ancillary Services (AS) play an important role in ensuring secure and cost-effective operation of power systems. Emerging converter-based HVDC technologies and integration of renewable energy sources (RES) have changed the power system dynamics which are based on classical power plant operation and synchronous generator dynamics. Transmission system interconnections between different countries and integrated energy markets in Europe have led to a reduction in the use of energy from non-renewable fossil-based sources. This review paper gives an insight into ancillary services definitions and market practices for procurement and activation of these ancillary services in different control areas within the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E). The focus lies particularly on ancillary services from HVDC systems. It is foreseen that DC elements will play an important role in the control and management of the future power system and in particular through ancillary services provision. Keeping this in view, the capability of HVDC systems to provide ancillary services is presented.

scholarly journals Forecast trajectories for the production of a renewable virtual power plant able to provide ancillary services

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Camal ◽  
Andrea Michiorri ◽  
Georges Kariniotakis
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Electricity Markets ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Ancillary Services ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Virtual Power ◽  
Virtual Power Plant ◽  
Production Uncertainty ◽  
Temporal Correlations ◽  
Probabilistic Forecasts

<p>The aggregation of multiple renewable plants located in distinct climate zones, using different energy sources, enables to reduce the production uncertainty when compared to the production of a single plant. Such aggregations, controlled by a Virtual Power Plant (VPP) system, are good candidates for the provision of ancillary services. Stochastic optimization models are available to optimize biddings on ancillary services and energy markets (see for instance [1]). These models require trajectories of the renewable VPP production that anticipate production uncertainty and reproduce correctly the temporal correlations observed in the production signal. This is particularly important in ancillary services markets, where a reserve bid must be guaranteed over a production duration or validity period during which power fluctuations are significant (e.g. lasting currently 24 hours on the European common market for Frequency Containment Reserve, with a foreseen evolution to 4 hours by July 2020 [2]). <br>Production trajectories may be obtained by coupling probabilistic forecasts and a model of temporal dependencies between forecast horizons [3] and possibly spatial dependencies in the case of a multivariate forecast at the scale of a region or a portfolio [4]. In the case of a renewable VPP, the aggregated production is primarily of interest. In this work, we propose a methodology to generate trajectories of aggregated production from probabilistic forecasts obtained with decision-tree based models or neural networks. A copula models the dependency between forecast horizons and the space defined by the plants contained in the aggregation. The model is tested in a day-ahead forecasting configuration on a 54 MW VPP comprising 15 plants with 3 different energy sources (Photovoltaics, Wind, Hydro). The comparison of trajectories generated from a direct forecast of the aggregated production and from forecasts at lower levels of the aggregation shows that the latter solution reproduces with more accuracy the temporal variability of the aggregated production over the whole horizon range, especially when Photovoltaics dominates the production capacities in the aggregation (15 % improvement of the Variogram Score).<br> [1]: Soares, T., & Pinson, P. (2017). Renewable energy sources offering flexibility through electricity markets. Technical University of Denmark.<br>[2]: ENTSO-E. (2018). TSO’s proposal for the establishment of common and harmonised rules and processes for the exchange and procurement of Balancing Capacity for Frequency Containment Reserves (FCR) TSOs’ proposal for the establishment of common and harmonised rules and pro-c, (October), 1–9.<br>[3]: Pinson, P., Madsen, H., Nielsen, H. A., Papaefthymiou, G., & Klöckl, B. (2009). From probabilistic forecasts to statistical scenarios of short-term wind power production. Wind Energy, 12(1), 51–62. <br>[4]: Golestaneh, F., Gooi, H. B., & Pinson, P. (2016). Generation and evaluation of space–time trajectories of photovoltaic power. Applied Energy, 176, 80–91. </p>

scholarly journals A Review of Energy Storage Participation for Ancillary Services in a Microgrid Environment

Inventions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
G V Brahmendra Kumar ◽  
K Palanisamy
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Ancillary Services ◽  
Frequency Regulation ◽  
Improved Performance

This paper reviews the energy storage participation for ancillary services in a microgrid (MG) system. The MG is used as a basic empowering solution to combine renewable generators and storage systems distributed to assist several demands proficiently. However, because of unforeseen and sporadic features of renewable energy, innovative tasks rise for the consistent process of MGs. Power management in MGs that contain renewable energy sources (RES) can be improved by energy storage. The energy storage systems (ESSs) have several merits, such as supply and demand balancing, smoothing of RES power generation, enhancing power quality and reliability, and facilitating the ancillary services like voltage and frequency regulation in MG operation. The integration of ESS technology has become a solution to the challenges the power distribution networks face in achieving improved performance. By simplifying a smooth and robust energy balance within the MG, storage devices match energy generation to consumption. MG, and its multidisciplinary portrait of current MG drivers, tasks, real-world applications, and upcoming views are elucidated in this paper.

scholarly journals Electromobility and Flexibility Management on a Non-Interconnected Island

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1337
Author(s):  
Enea Mele ◽  
Anastasios Natsis ◽  
Aphrodite Ktena ◽  
Christos Manasis ◽  
Nicholas Assimakis
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Markets ◽  
Distributed Storage ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electricity Demand ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Peak Shaving ◽  
Smart Charging ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Generating Capacity

The increasing penetration of electrical vehicles (EVs), on the way to decarbonizing the transportation sector, presents several challenges and opportunities for the end users, the distribution grid, and the electricity markets. Uncontrollable EV charging may increase peak demand and impact the grid stability and reliability, especially in the case of non-interconnected microgrids such as the distribution grids of small islands. On the other hand, if EVs are considered as flexible loads and distributed storage, they may offer Vehicle to Grid (V2G) services and contribute to demand-side management through smart charging and discharging. In this work, we present a study on the penetration of EVs and the flexibility they may offer for services to the grid, using a genetic algorithm for optimum valley filling and peak shaving for the case of a non-interconnected island where the electricity demand is several times higher during the summer due to the influx of tourists. Test cases have been developed for various charging/discharging strategies and mobility patterns. Their results are discussed with respect to the current generating capacity of the island as well as the future case where part of the electricity demand will have to be met by renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic plants, in order to minimize the island’s carbon footprint. Higher EV penetration, in the range of 20–25%, is enabled through smart charging strategies and V2G services, especially for load profiles with a large difference between the peak and low demands. However, the EV penetration and available flexibility is subject to the mobility needs and limited by the population and the size of the road network of the island itself rather than the grid needs and constraints. Limitations and challenges concerning efficient V2G services on a non-interconnected microgrid are identified. The results will be used in the design of a smart charging controller linked to the microgrid’s energy management system.

scholarly journals Novel Exertion of Intelligent Static Compensator Based Smart Inverters for Ancillary Services in a Distribution Utility Network-Review

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shriram Srinivasarangan Rangarajan ◽  
Jayant Sharma ◽  
C. K. Sundarabalan
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Power ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Ancillary Services ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Support Functions ◽  
Power Exchange ◽  
Efficient Integration ◽  
Utility Network ◽  
Static Compensator ◽  
Smart Inverters

Integration of distributed energy resources (DER) has always posed a challenge. Smart inverters have started playing a crucial role in efficient integration of DERs. With the basic functionalities of traditional inverters in place, smart inverters can provide grids with related ancillary services either from the customer side or from the utility as well. The ancillary/augmented service from smart inverters includes the concept of reactive power exchange with the grid. Such grid support functions includes the functionalities of photovoltaic/plug in electric vehicles (PV/PEV) inverters as a static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs) by performing virtual detuning, temporary over voltage (TOV) mitigation, voltage regulation, frequency support and ride through capabilities. As the penetration levels of DERs have gone up, the need for such ancillary services has grown as well. This paper is organized in such a way that it will serve as a benchmark for smart inverter technologies in the form of a review. It includes several domains involving the applications, advanced and coordinated control, topologies and many more aspects that are associated with smart inverters based on reactive power compensation schemes for ancillary services. Apart from that, the applications those are associated with smart inverters in the smart grid domain are also highlighted in this paper.

scholarly journals A Study on the V2G Technology Incorporation in a DC Nanogrid and on the Provision of Voltage Regulation to the Power Grid

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2655
Author(s):  
Ioannis Skouros ◽  
Athanasios Karlis
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Power Grid ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Energy Storage Devices ◽  
The Impact

Currently, environmental and climate change issues raise a lot of concerns related to conventional vehicles and renewable energy generation methods. Thus, more and more researchers around the world focus on the development and deployment of Renewable Energy Sources (RES). Additionally, due to the technological advancements in power electronics and electrical batteries, Electrical Vehicles (EVs) are becoming more and more popular. In addition, according to the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) operation, the EV batteries can provide electrical energy to the power grid. In this way, many ancillary services can be provided. A Direct Current (DC) nanogrid can be composed by combining the aforementioned technologies. Nanogrids present high efficiency and provide a simple interaction with renewable energy sources and energy storage devices. Firstly, the present study describes the design considerations of a DC nanogrid as well as the control strategies that have to be applied in order to make the V2G operation feasible. Furthermore, the provision of voltage regulation toward the power grid is investigated though the bidirectional transfer of active and reactive power between the DC nanogrid and the power grid. Afterwards, the voltage regulation techniques are applied in an Alternating Current (AC) radial distribution grid are investigated. The proposed system is simulated in Matlab/Simulink software and though the simulation scenarios the impact of the voltage regulation provided by the DC nanogrid is investigated.

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